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'' | <big>'''GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands: Strategic Focus on #EnvironmentalSecurity'''</big> | ||
[ | '''[https://greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security New Definitions of National Security] are necessary to meet the Challenges of our Era''' | ||
[http://www. | Global Warming Terminology to the Climate Change Term, the First National Climate Change Plan to International Climate Conferences and Summits, our GreenPolicy360 Reports Are Tracking the Climate Challenge -- for 50+ Years | ||
<big>Here we are, [http://www.planetcitizens.org '''Planet Citizens'''] in action</big>.... | |||
Take a quick look at our ToC -- https://greenpolicy360.net/w/Table_of_Contents_(ToC)_GreenPolicy360 | |||
Consider joining in, making a positive difference, Visit our GreenAction Intro -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/GreenAction | |||
Where are you? Review GreenPolicy360's National Climate Plans database -- https://greenpolicy360.net/w/National_Climate_Plans | |||
:[[File:Earth conditions dynamic map.png]] | |||
:Planet Citizens, Where Are You on Earth! | |||
🌎 | |||
<big>'''Scientists have captured Earth’s climate over the last 485 million years'''</big> | |||
''A history of wild temperature shifts and offered a warning on the consequences of human-caused warming'' | |||
* https://wapo.st/4dc2CTV (gift article) | |||
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/09/19/earth-temperature-global-warming-planet/ | |||
(Science) ''What was Earth’s temperature tens to hundreds of millions of years ago? The planet has gone through different periods, some with extensive polar ice caps and others being completely ice-free. Estimating past global temperature is important for understanding the history of life on Earth, for predicting future climate, and more broadly, to inform the search for other habitable planets.'' ... | |||
''Judd et al. have brought a powerful new tool to this task: data assimilation. They combined a large set of climate model simulations at different global temperatures across the last 485 million years with the oxygen isotope dataset as well as with other less frequently sampled temperature indicators such as temperature-sensitive organic molecules. Joining the model and the geological data enabled the authors to account for regional variations in predicted temperature. For example, a sample from a polar region was compared to climate model predictions in the same region. This produces a more accurate estimate of the global average temperature of Earth over time.'' | |||
* https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1526 | |||
[[File:Timeline-climate-change-history-485-million years.jpg]] | |||
''September 2024'' | |||
{WaPo) ''An ambitious effort to understand the Earth’s climate over the past 485 million years has revealed a history of wild shifts and far hotter temperatures than scientists previously realized — offering a reminder of how much change the planet has already endured and a warning about the unprecedented rate of warming caused by humans.'' | |||
''The timeline, published Thursday in the journal Science, is the most rigorous reconstruction of Earth’s past temperatures ever produced, the authors say. Created by combining more than 150,000 pieces of fossil evidence with state-of-the-art climate models, it shows the intimate link between carbon dioxide and global temperatures and reveals that the world was in a much warmer state for most of the history of complex animal life.'' | |||
''At its hottest, the study suggests, the Earth’s average temperature reached 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius)... The revelations about Earth’s scorching past are further reason for concern about modern climate change, said Emily Judd, a researcher at University of Arizona and the Smithsonian specializing in ancient climates and the lead author of the study. The timeline illustrates how swift and dramatic temperature shifts were associated with many of the world’s worst moments — including a mass extinction that wiped out roughly 90 percent of all species and the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs.'' | |||
''“We know that these catastrophic events … shift the landscape of what life looks like,” Judd said. “When the environment warms that fast, animals and plants can’t keep pace with it.”'' | |||
''At no point in the nearly half-billion years that Judd and her colleagues analyzed did the Earth change as fast as it is changing now, she added: “In the same way as a massive asteroid hitting the Earth, what we’re doing now is unprecedented.”'' | |||
🌎 | |||
: <big>'''[[Thin Blue Layer]]'''</big> | |||
:[[File:Thin Blue.jpg]] | |||
: [[Look at how thin our atmosphere is]] | |||
: <big>[http://www.planetcitizens.org '''Planetcitizens.org'''] | [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News '''Climate News'''] | [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security '''New Definitions of National Security''']</big> | |||
GreenPolicy360: | |||
<big><big>'''When climate change came 'on the radar' '''</big></big> | |||
'''GreenPolicy360 journeys across 50+ years of the modern environmental movement''' | |||
This story is now 50 years plus old and at GreenPolicy360 we have been attempting to bring to light many of the salient, and key moments of the history and crucial-to-know events that have led to today's activism dealing with climate change. The origins of earth science, atmospheric science, the environmental protection movement, the technology to measure and monitor earth system and dynamic change have brought us to today. | |||
Thank you for visiting us and please feel free to click through our content and links. We are an open-source MediaWiki platform after all and our originating model was to share 'green best practices' worldwide. Climate change and climate policy, realization of the problems bring us to climate action. | |||
'''[[Environmental protection]]''' with green activism/politics/education is a story that has gone on over decades, from the 1960s on. With GreenPolicy360 we look back to joining in ... involved directlyn with the first [[Earth Day]] (via Senator Gaylord Nelson and Representative George Brown in the envisiong, planning and organizing) and with Earth System Science initiatives, especially to collect data through new NASA and NOAA programs, to identify the extent of climate change. | |||
<big>'''A First [[Earth Day]]'''</big> | |||
: Being there with George's assist, organizing | |||
::Youth-energy eco 'Teach-ins' and events across the nation | |||
::: * https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_Day | |||
:::: * https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day | |||
We are, as we say, 'planet citizens, planet scientists'. We look to sound science to guide climate policy solutions | |||
'''[[Climate Problems, Climate Solutions]]''' | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_Problems,_Climate_Solutions | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Planet_Citizens,_Planet_Scientists | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Climate_Policy | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_System_Science | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_Science_from_Space | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Good_science_needs_good_data_.png | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Corita_action.jpg <big> '''Get with the action'''</big>] | |||
It was time to step up, go to work and do our best to make a positive difference. Earth is, as we say, in human hands. | |||
Here are a number of pages and sites to explore as you 'get with the action': | |||
Start with "Earthrise", and the beginnings of the Modern Environmental Movement, and the first "Earth Day"... | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earthrise | |||
[https://greenpolicy360.net/images/1969_beginnings_of_the_modern_environmental_movement.pdf <big>'''Beginnings of the Modern Environmental Movement'''</big>] | |||
:<small><small>* https://greenpolicy360.net/images/1969_beginnings_of_the_modern_environmental_movement.pdf </small></small> | |||
'''[[Generation Green]]'''... '''in the making, [[Going Green]]''' | |||
: * https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary | |||
<big><big>'''Flashback to 1978, Climate Action Memories'''</big></big> | |||
: GreenPolicy360 Siterunner: Our friend George steps up in the U.S. Congress | |||
<big>[[George E. Brown Jr]]</big> | |||
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr | |||
<big><big>The First National Climate Act, Historic Work</big></big> | |||
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJ Schmidt: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.''' | |||
[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/Energy_and_Climate_Report%2C_1977%2C_National_Academy_of_Sciences.pdf '''Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360'''] | |||
Rep. George Brown took the findings of the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy of Sciences and made the science actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978. | |||
This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS. | |||
:[[File:US Public Law 95-367.png]] | |||
| |||
🌎 | |||
<big><big>'''1992 -- Earth Summit''' </big></big> | |||
: <big>'''Launch of Annual International Climate Conferences'''</big> | |||
:: [[File:Earth Summit 1992-s.png|link=http://www.planetcitizens.org]] | |||
:: [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Earth_Summit_1992.jpg '''Earth Summit (1992)'''] | |||
🌎 | |||
It's no ride in the park looking back at some 50+ years of environmental protection work. The obstacles were many, the climate change denial purposeful, and the dis- and mis-information pervasive. Those of us who were developing the field of climate science were, although we didn't describe it as such, creating a story arc of the climate change movement. The genesis of climate science was becoming a key 'atmospheric science' question to Congressman George E. Brown in the 1960s and I was, as a high school student, becoming a political follower of my representative's work. George went on to be a 'mover and shaker' in Congress and leader, as a trained physicist and practicing engineer, in the science and policy of climate. His work is essential in understanding how climate change powered up a constellation of NASA/NOAA/USGS programs and missions, many of which were the first of their type gathering digital data and earth science imaging. I was fortunate, as an environmental activist, to be along for the ride over the years until George's untimely passing in 1999. | |||
Thank you George for all you did, the perseverance, the vision, the hard work. You made a world of difference, a positive difference that goes on and on (and you changed my life) -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary | |||
To our GreenPolicy360 readers, please take a look, a close look, at George E. Brown as I've recalled many of his contributions here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr | |||
Let us also all take a look at some of the history of climate conferences over the years here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Climate_Conferences_1979-2020.jpg | |||
The work continues as we step up and do our best, becoming [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Planet_Citizens '''Planet Citizens'''] day-by-day, month-by-month, year-by-year, decade-by-decade. | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Climate_Policy <big><big>'''Climate Policy'''</big></big>] | |||
<big>[[Planet Citizen Action]] | [[Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists]]</big> | |||
'''[[Environmental movement]] | [[The Commons]] | [[Eco-nomics]] | [[Environmental protection]]''' | |||
'''[[New Definitions of National Security]] | [[Earth Right Now]] | [[Earth Science Vital Signs]] | [[Generation Green]]''' | |||
🌎 | |||
<big>'''Climate Change Forecasts and Hindcasts: How Accurate Have Predictions Been of Climate Scientists?'''</big> | |||
Study Confirms Climate Models are Getting Future Warming Projections Right | |||
NASA Science Editorial Team | |||
JAN 09, 2020 | |||
* https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/study-confirms-climate-models-are-getting-future-warming-projections-right/ | |||
An animation of a GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) climate model simulation made for the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, showing five-year averaged surface air temperature anomalies in degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2100. The temperature anomaly is a measure of how much warmer or colder it is at a particular place and time than the long-term mean temperature, defined as the average temperature over the 30-year base period from 1951 to 1980. Blue areas represent cool areas and yellow and red areas represent warmer areas. The number in the upper right corner represents the global mean anomaly.'' | |||
[[File:NASA climate science graphic 1970-2020.jpeg]] | |||
'''''NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies''''' | |||
''There’s an old saying that “the proof is in the pudding,” meaning that you can only truly gauge the quality of something once it’s been put to a test. Such is the case with climate models: mathematical computer simulations of the various factors that interact to affect Earth’s climate, such as our atmosphere, ocean, ice, land surface and the Sun.'' | |||
''For decades, people have legitimately wondered how well climate models perform in predicting future climate conditions. Based on solid physics and the best understanding of the Earth system available, they skillfully reproduce observed data. Nevertheless, they have a wide response to increasing carbon dioxide levels, and many uncertainties remain in the details. The hallmark of good science, however, is the ability to make testable predictions, and climate models have been making predictions since the 1970s. How reliable have they been?'' | |||
''Now a new evaluation of global climate models used to project Earth’s future global average surface temperatures over the past half-century answers that question: '''most of the models have been quite accurate.''''' | |||
''Forecast_evaluation_for_models_run_in_2004_in_F_and_C'' | |||
''Models that were used in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report can be evaluated by comparing their approximately 20-year predictions with what actually happened. In this figure, the multi-model ensemble and the average of all the models are plotted alongside the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Surface Temperature Index (GISTEMP). Climate drivers were known for the ‘hindcast’ period (before 2000) and forecast for the period beyond. The temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit on the left and degrees Celsius on the right) are plotted with respect to a 1980-1999 baseline.'' | |||
-- Gavin Schmidt | |||
''In a study accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a research team led by Zeke Hausfather of the University of California, Berkeley, conducted a systematic evaluation of the performance of past climate models. The team compared 17 increasingly sophisticated model projections of global average temperature developed between 1970 and 2007, including some originally developed by NASA, with actual changes in global temperature observed through the end of 2017. The observational temperature data came from multiple sources, including NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) time series, an estimate of global surface temperature change.'' | |||
''The results: 10 of the model projections closely matched observations. Moreover, after accounting for differences between modeled and actual changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other factors that drive climate, the number increased to 14. The authors found no evidence that the climate models evaluated either systematically overestimated or underestimated warming over the period of their projections.'' | |||
''“The results of this study of past climate models bolster scientists’ confidence that both they as well as today’s more advanced climate models are skillfully projecting global warming,” said study co-author Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York. “This research could help resolve public confusion around the performance of past climate modeling efforts.”'' | |||
🌎 | |||
[[File:Climate Conferences 1979-2020.jpg]] | |||
(1979-2020) | |||
<big>'''"A Timeline of International Climate Conferences"'''</big> | |||
: '''Accompanied by 'Trends in Atmospheric CO2 vs Global Temperature Change' ''' | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_conferences | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Climate_Conference | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference | |||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit | |||
* https://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/climate/fact17.htm | |||
* https://public.wmo.int/en/bulletin/history-climate-activities | |||
🌎 | |||
''''' "Climate Change", "Climate Devastation" ''''' | |||
:[[File:Time Cover Story, October 19, 1987.jpg]] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Look_at_how_thin_our_atmosphere_is '''Thinbluelayer.com'''] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Security '''Environmental Security'''] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_Observations '''Earth Observations'''] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Security,_National_Security '''Environmental Security, National Security'''] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Research_from_Space '''Earth Science Research from Space'''] | |||
<font color=green>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font> | |||
''GreenPolicy360 | <big>'''GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands:'''</big> | ||
[http://www.strategicdemands.com '''''www.strategicdemands.com'''''] | [http://www.strategicdemands.com '''''www.strategicdemands.com'''''] | ||
* https://strategicdemands.com/environmental-security/ | |||
* https://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/ | |||
:[[File:ThinBlue.png]] : [[File:EnvironmentalSecurity ThinBlue.png]] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Atmospheric_Science <big><big>Atmospheric Science</big></big>] | |||
: [https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_Science <big><big>Earth Science</big></big>] | |||
<big>'''''Our "Thin Blue" focus on atmospheric science & climate change'''''</big> | |||
:[http://www.thinbluelayer.com ''www.thinbluelayer.com''] | |||
''Rarely recognized as a 'strategically vital' natural resource, our home planet's [http://www.thinbluelayer.com thin blue layer] of life protecting atmosphere is being disrupted''''' | |||
:''Today's industrial emissions are [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Full-cost_Accounting 'externalities'], ominous costs adding up relentlessly in an experimental brew of risk & change to [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:ThinBlueLayer "Thin Blue"]'' | |||
: [[File:Blue atmosphere from Astro Wheelock.jpg|link=https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/Blue_fragile_edge_thin_blue_line.jpg]] | |||
::::[[File:How thin is earth's atmosphere.jpg]] | |||
[[File:CO2 photo.JPG]] | |||
[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Climate_Policy <big><big>Earth Science</big></big>] | |||
''''' | : [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Oceans_heat_added_1955-2011_lawrencelivermorelab_2016.jpg <big>'''''Oceans heating accelerates'''''</big>] | ||
[[File: | [[File:Oceans heat added 1955-2011 lawrencelivermorelab 2016.jpg]] | ||
''''' | [http://mashable.com/2016/01/13/hottest-year-2015-berkeley-data/ '''''2015: Hottest in modern times'''''] [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/2015_Hottest_year_b.pdf '''''Not new news, it's hotter'''''] | ||
[http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/science/earth/2015-hottest-year-global-warming.html '''''It's Hot: Is It Deniable? Ask the US Congress'''''] | |||
[http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/34409-mother-nature-s-invisible-hand-strikes-back-against-the-carbon-economy ''''''External Costs' and "Mother Nature's 'Invisible Hand'" '''''] | |||
<big><font color=blue> | <big><font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font></big> | ||
<big>'''''After the Paris Agreement: [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/PlanetCitizen "Now What?"]'''''</big> | <big>'''''After the Paris Agreement: [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/PlanetCitizen "Now What?"]'''''</big> | ||
:[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2646001/Final-COP21-draft.pdf '''''December 2015: The Climate Plan Agreement'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:INDC '''''INDC/Climate Plan Updates from GreenPolicy360'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/ | '''Paris Climate Agreement Tracker / CAIT Climate Data Explorer''' | ||
* http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/ | |||
* http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/map | |||
* http://cait.wri.org/pledges/ | |||
'''Click on the Map for the Latest Country-by-Country News''' | |||
[[File:CAIT Map 1.png|link=http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/map]] | |||
:[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_Plans_Enforcement_-_Resources '''GreenPolicy360 - Climate Plans Enforcement Initiative'''] | |||
:[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Methods_to_enforce_climate_pledges-NDCs_-_Dec_2021.png '''Methods to Enforce Climate Plan Pledges'''] | |||
:[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:INDC '''Pressuring Nations to Step Up, Cooperate, and Act Now'''] | |||
:[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Global_Stocktake,_the_first_GST.jpg '''Com't on Earth Observation Satellites'''] | |||
:[https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Laws '''Environmental Laws, Regs, Rules... Lawsuits & Legal Actions'''] | |||
<big><font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font></big> | |||
[http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/26/world/africa/ap-af-africa-pope.html '''''Pope Francis on the eve of the Climate mtgs'''''] | [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/26/world/africa/ap-af-africa-pope.html '''''Pope Francis on the eve of the Climate mtgs'''''] | ||
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:''"It would be sad, and dare I say even catastrophic, were special interests to prevail over the common good and lead to manipulating information in order to protect their own plans and interests."'' | :''"It would be sad, and dare I say even catastrophic, were special interests to prevail over the common good and lead to manipulating information in order to protect their own plans and interests."'' | ||
:''"The Pope | :''"The Pope focuses comments to [http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News those who reject the science] behind global warming..."'' | ||
<big><font color=blue> | <big><font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font></big> | ||
'' | <big>'''''More Climate Policy Updates @GreenPolicy360'''''</big> | ||
'''''"Climate Change", aka, "Climate Disruption" ''''' | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_News '''''Climate News'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_and_Space,_Politics '''''Earth Science Politics'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Earth_Observations '''''Earth Observations'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Security '''''Environmental Security'''''] | |||
:[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Climate_Change_Summit_Paris '''''Climate Summit Agreement in Paris'''''] | |||
::[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions '''''More on National Climate Plans/INDCs'''''] | |||
<big><font color=blue>○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○</font></big> | |||
<big>'''''Begin with the History of Climate Change Science'''''</big> | |||
[https://www.aip.org/history/climate/index.htm '''''The Discovery of Global Warming'''''] | |||
:''https://www.aip.org/history/climate/author.htm'' | |||
:''https://www.aip.org/history/climate/summary.htm'' ''(with hyperlinks)'' | |||
<big>'''''Congressman Brown / Science Committee in Front of Climate Action'''''</big> | |||
[http://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/National_Climate_Program_Act_Public_Law_95-367_Sept_1978.pdf '''''National Climate Program Act, 1978 / PDF'''''] | |||
: ''The first US federal program established (1978) to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change'' | |||
''1981'' | |||
<big><big>'''''Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide'''''</big></big> | |||
From the Journal of Science | |||
28 August 1981, Volume 213, Number 4511 | |||
James Hansen et al. | |||
'''''Greenhouse Effect''''' | |||
Atmospheric CO2 increased from 280 to 300 parts per million in 1880 to 335 to 340 ppm in 1980, mainly due to burning of fossil fuels.... | |||
'''''Summary.''''' ''The global temperature rose by 0.20C between the middle 1960’s and1980, yielding a warming of 0.4°C in the past century. This temperature increase is consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations of volcanic aerosols and possibly solar luminosity appear to be primary causes of observed fluctuations about the mean trend of increasing temperature. It is shown that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming should emerge from the noise level of natural climate variability by the end of the century, and there is a high probability of warming in the 1980’s. Potential effects on climate in the 21st century include the creation of drought-prone regions in North America and central Asia as part of a shifting of climatic zones, erosion of the West Antarctic ice sheet with a consequent worldwide rise in sea level, and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage. | |||
* https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1981/1981_Hansen_ha04600x.pdf | |||
○ | ○ | ||
: | [[File:Climate Change Journal.jpg]] | ||
:[http://www. | |||
: | |||
[[File:Cumulative CO2 Emissions by Country Since 1850.png]] | |||
[[File:CO2 Emissions, GDP per Capita, and Temperature Change by Country 1961-2014.png]] | |||
[[File:CO2 Emissions per Capita by Country 1960-2014.png]] | |||
[[File:'Thin Blue Layer' of Earth's Atmosphere 2.jpg]] | |||
<big>'''''To Be or Not to Be Planet Citizens'''''</big> | |||
::[http://www.planetcitizen.org '''''Planet Citizen - www.planetcitizen.org'''''] | |||
:::[http://www.planetcitizens.org '''''Planet Citizens - www.planetcitizens.org'''''] | |||
[[File:A Planet Citizen View.png]] | |||
🌎 | |||
[[Category:Anthropocene]] | |||
[[Category:Atmospheric Science]] | |||
[[Category:Climate Policy]] | |||
[[Category:Earth Science]] | |||
[[Category:Ecology Studies]] | |||
[[Category:Environmental Laws]] | |||
[[Category:Environmental Protection]] | |||
[[Category:Environmental Security]] | |||
[[Category:Environmental Security, National Security]] | |||
[[Category:Global Security]] | |||
[[Category:Global Warming]] | |||
[[Category:Green Networking]] | |||
[[Category:Green Politics]] | |||
[[Category:Nature]] | |||
[[Category:New Definitions of National Security]] | |||
[[Category:Ocean Science]] | |||
[[Category:Planet Citizens]] | |||
[[Category:Resilience]] | |||
[[Category:Seventh Generation Sustainability]] | |||
[[Category:Sustainability Policies]] | |||
[[Category:Strategic Demands]] | |||
[[Category:Whole Earth]] | |||
[[Category:Youth]] |
Latest revision as of 19:48, 22 September 2024
GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands: Strategic Focus on #EnvironmentalSecurity
New Definitions of National Security are necessary to meet the Challenges of our Era
Global Warming Terminology to the Climate Change Term, the First National Climate Change Plan to International Climate Conferences and Summits, our GreenPolicy360 Reports Are Tracking the Climate Challenge -- for 50+ Years
Here we are, Planet Citizens in action....
Take a quick look at our ToC -- https://greenpolicy360.net/w/Table_of_Contents_(ToC)_GreenPolicy360
Consider joining in, making a positive difference, Visit our GreenAction Intro -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/GreenAction
Where are you? Review GreenPolicy360's National Climate Plans database -- https://greenpolicy360.net/w/National_Climate_Plans
- Planet Citizens, Where Are You on Earth!
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Scientists have captured Earth’s climate over the last 485 million years
A history of wild temperature shifts and offered a warning on the consequences of human-caused warming
- https://wapo.st/4dc2CTV (gift article)
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/09/19/earth-temperature-global-warming-planet/
(Science) What was Earth’s temperature tens to hundreds of millions of years ago? The planet has gone through different periods, some with extensive polar ice caps and others being completely ice-free. Estimating past global temperature is important for understanding the history of life on Earth, for predicting future climate, and more broadly, to inform the search for other habitable planets. ...
Judd et al. have brought a powerful new tool to this task: data assimilation. They combined a large set of climate model simulations at different global temperatures across the last 485 million years with the oxygen isotope dataset as well as with other less frequently sampled temperature indicators such as temperature-sensitive organic molecules. Joining the model and the geological data enabled the authors to account for regional variations in predicted temperature. For example, a sample from a polar region was compared to climate model predictions in the same region. This produces a more accurate estimate of the global average temperature of Earth over time.
September 2024
{WaPo) An ambitious effort to understand the Earth’s climate over the past 485 million years has revealed a history of wild shifts and far hotter temperatures than scientists previously realized — offering a reminder of how much change the planet has already endured and a warning about the unprecedented rate of warming caused by humans.
The timeline, published Thursday in the journal Science, is the most rigorous reconstruction of Earth’s past temperatures ever produced, the authors say. Created by combining more than 150,000 pieces of fossil evidence with state-of-the-art climate models, it shows the intimate link between carbon dioxide and global temperatures and reveals that the world was in a much warmer state for most of the history of complex animal life.
At its hottest, the study suggests, the Earth’s average temperature reached 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius)... The revelations about Earth’s scorching past are further reason for concern about modern climate change, said Emily Judd, a researcher at University of Arizona and the Smithsonian specializing in ancient climates and the lead author of the study. The timeline illustrates how swift and dramatic temperature shifts were associated with many of the world’s worst moments — including a mass extinction that wiped out roughly 90 percent of all species and the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs.
“We know that these catastrophic events … shift the landscape of what life looks like,” Judd said. “When the environment warms that fast, animals and plants can’t keep pace with it.”
At no point in the nearly half-billion years that Judd and her colleagues analyzed did the Earth change as fast as it is changing now, she added: “In the same way as a massive asteroid hitting the Earth, what we’re doing now is unprecedented.”
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GreenPolicy360:
When climate change came 'on the radar'
GreenPolicy360 journeys across 50+ years of the modern environmental movement
This story is now 50 years plus old and at GreenPolicy360 we have been attempting to bring to light many of the salient, and key moments of the history and crucial-to-know events that have led to today's activism dealing with climate change. The origins of earth science, atmospheric science, the environmental protection movement, the technology to measure and monitor earth system and dynamic change have brought us to today.
Thank you for visiting us and please feel free to click through our content and links. We are an open-source MediaWiki platform after all and our originating model was to share 'green best practices' worldwide. Climate change and climate policy, realization of the problems bring us to climate action.
Environmental protection with green activism/politics/education is a story that has gone on over decades, from the 1960s on. With GreenPolicy360 we look back to joining in ... involved directlyn with the first Earth Day (via Senator Gaylord Nelson and Representative George Brown in the envisiong, planning and organizing) and with Earth System Science initiatives, especially to collect data through new NASA and NOAA programs, to identify the extent of climate change.
A First Earth Day
- Being there with George's assist, organizing
- Youth-energy eco 'Teach-ins' and events across the nation
We are, as we say, 'planet citizens, planet scientists'. We look to sound science to guide climate policy solutions
Climate Problems, Climate Solutions
It was time to step up, go to work and do our best to make a positive difference. Earth is, as we say, in human hands.
Here are a number of pages and sites to explore as you 'get with the action':
Start with "Earthrise", and the beginnings of the Modern Environmental Movement, and the first "Earth Day"...
Beginnings of the Modern Environmental Movement
Generation Green... in the making, Going Green
Flashback to 1978, Climate Action Memories
- GreenPolicy360 Siterunner: Our friend George steps up in the U.S. Congress
The First National Climate Act, Historic Work
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJ Schmidt: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.
Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360
Rep. George Brown took the findings of the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy of Sciences and made the science actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978.
This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS.
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1992 -- Earth Summit
- Launch of Annual International Climate Conferences
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It's no ride in the park looking back at some 50+ years of environmental protection work. The obstacles were many, the climate change denial purposeful, and the dis- and mis-information pervasive. Those of us who were developing the field of climate science were, although we didn't describe it as such, creating a story arc of the climate change movement. The genesis of climate science was becoming a key 'atmospheric science' question to Congressman George E. Brown in the 1960s and I was, as a high school student, becoming a political follower of my representative's work. George went on to be a 'mover and shaker' in Congress and leader, as a trained physicist and practicing engineer, in the science and policy of climate. His work is essential in understanding how climate change powered up a constellation of NASA/NOAA/USGS programs and missions, many of which were the first of their type gathering digital data and earth science imaging. I was fortunate, as an environmental activist, to be along for the ride over the years until George's untimely passing in 1999.
Thank you George for all you did, the perseverance, the vision, the hard work. You made a world of difference, a positive difference that goes on and on (and you changed my life) -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary
To our GreenPolicy360 readers, please take a look, a close look, at George E. Brown as I've recalled many of his contributions here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr
Let us also all take a look at some of the history of climate conferences over the years here -- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Climate_Conferences_1979-2020.jpg
The work continues as we step up and do our best, becoming Planet Citizens day-by-day, month-by-month, year-by-year, decade-by-decade.
Planet Citizen Action | Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
Environmental movement | The Commons | Eco-nomics | Environmental protection
New Definitions of National Security | Earth Right Now | Earth Science Vital Signs | Generation Green
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Climate Change Forecasts and Hindcasts: How Accurate Have Predictions Been of Climate Scientists?
Study Confirms Climate Models are Getting Future Warming Projections Right
NASA Science Editorial Team
JAN 09, 2020
An animation of a GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) climate model simulation made for the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, showing five-year averaged surface air temperature anomalies in degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2100. The temperature anomaly is a measure of how much warmer or colder it is at a particular place and time than the long-term mean temperature, defined as the average temperature over the 30-year base period from 1951 to 1980. Blue areas represent cool areas and yellow and red areas represent warmer areas. The number in the upper right corner represents the global mean anomaly.
NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies
There’s an old saying that “the proof is in the pudding,” meaning that you can only truly gauge the quality of something once it’s been put to a test. Such is the case with climate models: mathematical computer simulations of the various factors that interact to affect Earth’s climate, such as our atmosphere, ocean, ice, land surface and the Sun.
For decades, people have legitimately wondered how well climate models perform in predicting future climate conditions. Based on solid physics and the best understanding of the Earth system available, they skillfully reproduce observed data. Nevertheless, they have a wide response to increasing carbon dioxide levels, and many uncertainties remain in the details. The hallmark of good science, however, is the ability to make testable predictions, and climate models have been making predictions since the 1970s. How reliable have they been?
Now a new evaluation of global climate models used to project Earth’s future global average surface temperatures over the past half-century answers that question: most of the models have been quite accurate.
Forecast_evaluation_for_models_run_in_2004_in_F_and_C
Models that were used in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report can be evaluated by comparing their approximately 20-year predictions with what actually happened. In this figure, the multi-model ensemble and the average of all the models are plotted alongside the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Surface Temperature Index (GISTEMP). Climate drivers were known for the ‘hindcast’ period (before 2000) and forecast for the period beyond. The temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit on the left and degrees Celsius on the right) are plotted with respect to a 1980-1999 baseline.
-- Gavin Schmidt
In a study accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a research team led by Zeke Hausfather of the University of California, Berkeley, conducted a systematic evaluation of the performance of past climate models. The team compared 17 increasingly sophisticated model projections of global average temperature developed between 1970 and 2007, including some originally developed by NASA, with actual changes in global temperature observed through the end of 2017. The observational temperature data came from multiple sources, including NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) time series, an estimate of global surface temperature change.
The results: 10 of the model projections closely matched observations. Moreover, after accounting for differences between modeled and actual changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other factors that drive climate, the number increased to 14. The authors found no evidence that the climate models evaluated either systematically overestimated or underestimated warming over the period of their projections.
“The results of this study of past climate models bolster scientists’ confidence that both they as well as today’s more advanced climate models are skillfully projecting global warming,” said study co-author Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York. “This research could help resolve public confusion around the performance of past climate modeling efforts.”
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(1979-2020)
"A Timeline of International Climate Conferences"
- Accompanied by 'Trends in Atmospheric CO2 vs Global Temperature Change'
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"Climate Change", "Climate Devastation"
Environmental Security, National Security
Earth Science Research from Space
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GreenPolicy360 & Strategic Demands:
Our "Thin Blue" focus on atmospheric science & climate change
Rarely recognized as a 'strategically vital' natural resource, our home planet's thin blue layer of life protecting atmosphere is being disrupted
- Today's industrial emissions are 'externalities', ominous costs adding up relentlessly in an experimental brew of risk & change to "Thin Blue"
2015: Hottest in modern times Not new news, it's hotter
It's Hot: Is It Deniable? Ask the US Congress
'External Costs' and "Mother Nature's 'Invisible Hand'"
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After the Paris Agreement: "Now What?"
Paris Climate Agreement Tracker / CAIT Climate Data Explorer
Click on the Map for the Latest Country-by-Country News
- GreenPolicy360 - Climate Plans Enforcement Initiative
- Methods to Enforce Climate Plan Pledges
- Pressuring Nations to Step Up, Cooperate, and Act Now
- Com't on Earth Observation Satellites
- Environmental Laws, Regs, Rules... Lawsuits & Legal Actions
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Pope Francis on the eve of the Climate mtgs
- "It would be sad, and dare I say even catastrophic, were special interests to prevail over the common good and lead to manipulating information in order to protect their own plans and interests."
- "The Pope focuses comments to those who reject the science behind global warming..."
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More Climate Policy Updates @GreenPolicy360
"Climate Change", aka, "Climate Disruption"
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Begin with the History of Climate Change Science
The Discovery of Global Warming
- https://www.aip.org/history/climate/author.htm
- https://www.aip.org/history/climate/summary.htm (with hyperlinks)
Congressman Brown / Science Committee in Front of Climate Action
National Climate Program Act, 1978 / PDF
- The first US federal program established (1978) to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change
1981
Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
From the Journal of Science
28 August 1981, Volume 213, Number 4511
James Hansen et al.
Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric CO2 increased from 280 to 300 parts per million in 1880 to 335 to 340 ppm in 1980, mainly due to burning of fossil fuels....
Summary. The global temperature rose by 0.20C between the middle 1960’s and1980, yielding a warming of 0.4°C in the past century. This temperature increase is consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations of volcanic aerosols and possibly solar luminosity appear to be primary causes of observed fluctuations about the mean trend of increasing temperature. It is shown that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming should emerge from the noise level of natural climate variability by the end of the century, and there is a high probability of warming in the 1980’s. Potential effects on climate in the 21st century include the creation of drought-prone regions in North America and central Asia as part of a shifting of climatic zones, erosion of the West Antarctic ice sheet with a consequent worldwide rise in sea level, and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
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To Be or Not to Be Planet Citizens
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Subcategories
This category has the following 58 subcategories, out of 58 total.
Pages in category "Climate Change"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 251 total.
(previous page) (next page)3
A
B
C
- California Global Warming Solutions Act
- California is ahead of the game as Obama releases Clean Power Plan
- California out in front in a Green future
- Capitalism and the Environment
- Carbon Brief
- Carbon Sequestration
- Christianity and Climate Change Belief or Disbelief
- Citizen Science
- Citizens Climate Lobby
- Climate Change - Global Warming Keyword-Terms
- Climate Change and US Politics - Quotable
- Climate Change Denier Talking Points -- and Rebuttals
- Climate Change Summit Paris
- Climate Conference - Paris 2015
- Climate Desk
- Climate Justice
- Climate Law Blog @Columbia Law School
- Climate migration
- Climate News
- Climate News Events Archive ... 1970 to Today
- Climate Plans Enforcement - Resources
- Climate Problems, Climate Solutions
- Climate Resilience Toolkit-USA.GOV-NOAA-NASA
- Climate Smart Agriculture
- CO2 Facts
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Copernicus EU
- Creatively Green
D
E
- Each of us can make a positive difference
- Earth
- Earth and Space, Politics
- Earth Day
- Earth Day 2020
- Earth Day Is Every Day
- Earth Day Memories on the 50th Anniversary
- Earth Day Summit - April 22 2021
- Earth from NASA
- Earth Imaging-New Space
- Earth Right Now
- Earth Science
- Earth Science Eco-Fields
- Earth Science Research from Space
- Earth Science Vital Signs
- EarthPOV
- EarthTime
- Earthviews
- EBikes 360
- Eco-economic Decoupling
- Eco-nomics
- Ecolivia
- Ecotourism
- Energy Storage - Batteries and Grid
- Environmental agreements
- Environmental Law, Rollbacks under Trump 2016-20
- Environmental Laws and Modern Environmental Movement
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Environmental Rules Rolled Back
- Environmental Security Organizations
- Environmental Studies Online
- ESA Living Planet Announcement - May 2022
- Ethics and Climate Change
- European Union Green Deal - Fit for 55
- European Union INDC
- EV Corridors Electric Vehicles Zero Emission Vehicles
- Extinction
- ExxonMobil and US House Science Committee v US Attorneys General and Environmental Groups
F
G
- Generation Green
- George E. Brown Jr
- Glaciogenic Art
- Glasgow Climate Summit - Pledges, Promises, Declarations - What's Next Up
- Global Climate Action Summit
- Global Fishing Watch
- Global Forest Watch
- Global warming
- Going Green
- Going Green: Texas v. Pennsylvania
- Google Earth
- Google Earth Timelapse
- Governor Jerry Brown
- GP360 NewPages
- Green Bank in Maryland - and More
- Green Banks - US
- Green Best Practices
- Green Education
- Green Futurist Literary Writers
- Green New Deal
- Green Politics 360
- Green Politics with GreenPolicy360
- Green Quotes
- Green Stories of the Day
- Green Stories of the Day - GreenPolicy360 Archive
- GreenAction
- Greening Our Blue Planet
- GreenLinks
- GreenPolicy360 (eOS)
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2013
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2014
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2015
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2016
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2017
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2018
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2019
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2020
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2021
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2022
- GreenPolicy360 Archive Highlights 2023
- GreenPolicy360 Highlights
- GTN GreenLinks Trending News
I
L
M
N
P
- PeoplesClimateMarch
- Permaculture Green Practices
- Permafrost
- Permafrost Loss est
- Planet API
- Planet Citizen Action
- Planet Citizens
- Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
- Planet Earth Perspective
- Planet Labs Doves Fly
- Planet of the Humans, a documentary film
- PlanetCitizen
- Pope Francis on the Environment
- Population Question
- ProjectDrawdownCO2
Media in category "Climate Change"
The following 200 files are in this category, out of 1,924 total.
(previous page) (next page)- 'Thin Blue Layer' of Earth's Atmosphere xl.jpg 1,152 × 648; 79 KB
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