Category:Sea-Level Rise & Mitigation

"Coastal areas around the globe are losing ground to the sea faster than ever. Sea level rise looms as one of the greatest of all climate change challenges..."

At Ground Zero for Rising Seas, TV Weatherman Talks Climate

Discover Magazine: "How many cities will our oceans swallow?"

--*Giving 'Underwater Mortgages' New Meaning"

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@EarthVitalSigns #EarthRightNow

2016: Reddit AMA: Science-Sea Level Rise

Climate News from GreenPolicy360

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U.S. President, U.S. Political Climate Change Denial

Trump v the World: Announces his Energy policy

Republican presidential candidate -- Cancel the Paris agreement, More fossil fuels, Less Clean/Renewable Energy

In a speech laying out his energy agenda for the United States, Trump promised to undo essentially every major policy developed in last decade intended to slow human-caused global warming.

Trump declares he doesn't believe the science, believes climate change a hoax and 'BS'

Trump tweet: This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bullshit has got to stop. 'Environmentalists are the problem', according to the Republican candidate for president

Sea-Level Rise

Climate News

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Republicans in US Congress Vote to Block National & Global Security

Attempt to Defund and Block Defense Dept. Studies and Work Related to Impacts of Climate Change

Earth and Space, Politics

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Experts Warn of 'Significant' Global Sea-Level Rise as the Antarctic Impacted by Global Warming

Sea levels set to 'rise far more than expected

"Florida is Screwed"

(What say you climate-change denying Florida politicians?)

The RealDeal: South Florida Real Estate News... Miami Beach property values may fall as sea levels rise: experts

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http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/science/global-warming-antarctica-ice-sheet-sea-level-rise.html

http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2016/04/04/science-gets-better-news-gets-worse-sea-level-rise/

... for the first time, researchers used a series of coupled models to produce a more realistic look at what will happen to Antarctica in the coming decades and centuries. There has been a lot of uncertainty about how quickly the ice shelves could collapse, and even a decade ago the IPCC was saying that there was too much uncertainty to forecast it reliably. Since then, the science has improved, and the news has gotten worse.

U.S. Presidential Campaign: Environmental Threats

What Problems?

Environmental Scorecard: Cruz voted against every green bill,

and opposed every pro-environment, anti-pollution piece of legislation

Trump declares he doesn't believe the science and believes climate change a hoax

More from DeSmog / Desmog Blog

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May 2017 / Update

Via Josh Kurtz / E&E News

Migration Inland as Real Estate Speculation Shifts: Not Far from the President's Mar-a-Lago Club

Barrier Island Blues

"Oh, Miami Beach is going under, the sea level is coming up," Harewood said. "So now the rich people have to find a place to live. My property is 15 feet above sea level, theirs is what? Three under?

One of the great ironies of historic housing patterns in Miami is that for decades under Jim Crow, laws and zoning restricted black people to parts of the urban core, an older part of the community that sits on relatively higher ground along a limestone ridge that runs like a topographic stripe down the eastern coast of South Florida. Now, many of those neighborhoods, formerly redlined by lenders and in some places bound in by a literal color wall, have an amenity not yet in the real estate listings: They're on higher ground and are less likely to flood as seas rise...

No one can turn a blind eye to the projections everyone uses in South Florida: 2 feet of sea-level rise by 2060.

"Everybody I know that is a small owner of real estate that isn't within the billionaire class — average middle-class, upper-middle-class Miamians who have real estate on the beach — is in the process of selling their properties and moving to the mainland... Basically where the coral ridge is, just north of downtown and south of downtown, that's where anecdotally the most amount of speculative investment has been going in because historically that's been the highest ground."

Florida mayors press presidential debate moderators for climate airtime

Mayors of 21 cities in Florida called on the moderators of presidential debates in Miami to ask candidates how they would deal with rising sea levels caused by climate change, a concern of the state's coastal communities.

"It would be unconscionable for these issues of grave concern for the people of Florida to not be addressed in the upcoming debate you will be hosting in the state," the mayors wrote in an letter to CNN, The Washington Post, Univision and the other media outlets hosting the Democratic and Republican debates on March 9 and March 10 in Miami.

Mar-a-Lago? Or Mar-a-Lagoon

Mar-a-Lago sitting on a shifting 'barrier island' in Palm Beach, Florida

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Earth Science Research from Space

Another in a Series of Satellites Launched to Monitor Planet Change

Ocean Science: Studying Sea-Level Rise

Jason-3 in Orbit - http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/jason-3-launches-to-monitor-global-sea-level-rise

https://blogs.nasa.gov/Jason-3/

Confirmation has arrived via the Fairbanks, Alaska tracking station that Jason-3’s solar arrays are, indeed, out. The twin Jason-3 solar arrays have been extended and the spacecraft is power positive, flying in its planned orbit of 66 degrees to the Earth’s equator : 3:21 pm EST

Earth Science Research from Space

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Updates from Florida

The Presidential campaign comes to the 'Sunshine State'

Sunshine state pol updates -- Some environmental Carl Hiaasen riffing on Florida's Gov Scott, and an e-bit of Clinton & Sanders from today's Miami Herald & TampaBay Times.

Clinton "mocked the Scott administration's directive to state employees not to use the words "climate change" and pledged to support renewable energy in Florida."

"Of Scott's order to state employees, she said: "I found this one hard to believe. I mean, you've just got to shake your head at that."

"When Republicans say they can't talk about climate change because they're not scientists, Clinston said, there's a cure for that: "Go talk to a scientist."

Sanders "also criticized Republicans for their obstinance on climate change, which he said is holding Florida back from becoming a leader in renewable energy."

"The state of Florida has an extraordinary natural resource: its called sunlight," Sanders said, "and this state should be a leader in the world in producing solar energy."

And from Florida, an Editorial re: political moves in the 'Sunshine State'... misnaming a constitutional amendment that would, in effect, *prevent sunshine/solar energy* from competing w/ the fossil fuel industry. The issue is now before the Court. Ivan Penn formerly w/ the St Pete Times, now w/ the LA Times, wrote extensively about energy issues in Florida. What a long-running story it is. Today's Tampa Bay Times Editorial speaks of the latest chapter of public good v energy industry-lobbying power...

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Ft. Lauderdale, Florida and Rising Seas

Politico / March 14, 2016

How Miami Beach Is Keeping the Florida Dream Alive — And Dry

Beset by rising seas and indifferent legislators, the city is spending big to keep its economy above water

There’s just no getting away from the rising sea...

Across the country, even the world, coastal cities are the front lines of climate-change planning, leap-frogging past the political debate to hatch immediate and often very expensive plans to fight the effects they are already living with. Miami Beach, all seven square miles of it, has placed itself at the leading edge of an existential fight facing the entirety of South Florida—230 miles of coastline running from Key West to Palm Beach. Driven by global warming, the sea level here has risen 9 inches over the past century and is predicted to rise at an accelerating pace by as much as another 6½ feet by 2100. Even the most conservative scientists anticipate a rise of at least 2 feet by 2060...

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Sea-level Rise Globally

Seas Are Rising at Fastest Rate in Last 28 Centuries

Temperature-driven global sea-level

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Florida Is Sinking: Where Is Marco Rubio?"

15 South Florida Mayors Request Climate Change Mtg with Senator Rubio

MIAMI, FL — Mayors representing more than 920,000 South Florida residents released a letter sent to Senator Marco Rubio requesting a meeting to discuss the risks facing Florida communities due to climate change. The letter, sent to Rubio’s campaign offices last Thursday, highlights the economic toll of climate change in South Florida and asks the candidate to “acknowledge the reality and urgency of climate change and to address the crisis it presents our communities.”

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Jan 2016

Heat absorbed by oceans doubles since 1997

Dec 2015

The Siege of Miami

Disappearing coastlines and rising seas:

"How the GOP is killing Florida"

Nov 2015

Oh Miami

Oct 2015

Mapping Sea-level Rise (US)

Sept 2015

Inundation?

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August 2015

NASA: "What's up with sea-level rise?"

Data from NASA coming i/o from JPL US/Euro mission control

http://www.nasa.gov/goddard/risingseas --- http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11978 --- https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/ --- http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/08/26/the-troubling-reasons-why-nasa-is-so-focused-on-studying-on-sea-level-rise/ --- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission

Why NASA’s so worried that Greenland’s melting could speed up

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Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Response

United States -- Case Studies

Adaptation Action Planning

Florida

2013/2014/2015

Five Reasons Why Florida's Senator Rubio (Might Want To) Should Re-think Climate Change

"Climate change could leave the Florida Keys and large parts of the south of the state underwater"

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Updates:

2015

Contrasting Visions

Environmental Protection Agency Goes After Emissions and the Koch's Gathering at the Monarch Bay on the Beach in Southern California Preps to Push Nearly a Billion Dollars into a Presidential Campaign and Opposition to Environmental Policies

In Florida, One of the Koch-supported Congressional delegation, David Jolly, announces campaign run for Rubio Senate seat

http://content.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2014/02/new-ad-campaign-hits-david-jolly-denying-facts-climate-change

http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/02/florida-republican-house-candidate-blasted-over-climate-denial

Why Does Florida Have So Many Climate Change Deniers?

Billionaires Charles and David Koch have helped to fuel conservative activism in Florida, by spending millions over the years to establish elaborate political operations in the state. As a result, Florida has become something of a testing ground for anti-government campaigning from the Kochs’ primary group, Americans for Prosperity. A New York Times story last March noted that AFP used a special election for a House seat and “turned the Florida contest into its personal electoral laboratory to fine-tune get-out-the-vote tools and messaging for future elections as it pursues its overarching goal of convincing Americans that big government is bad government.” David Jolly, AFP’s candidate of choice, won that election. Like many of his Florida colleagues, Jolly said he doesn’t think “the impact that humans have had on our climate is so dramatic” that it warrants government action...

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Miami Could Be a New Atlantis - from a Dutch engineer point of view

“If we look around the world and take into account sea level rise and the increase of water related disasters, among the places in the world that have the most assets and investments at risk, Miami is leading that list,” Henry Ovink tells New Times. “Miami will no longer be a land city, but a city in the sea.” Last year, a New York Times Magazine article about Ovink and Dutch water management efforts showed just how behind the U.S. is in its thinking around water.

Miami is Sinking Already Under Rising Sea Levels

At the University of Miami’s Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Brian McNoldy and other researchers have been accumulating sea-level data from Virginia Key (a small island just south of Miami Beach) since 1996. Over those 19 years, sea levels around the Miami coast have already gone up 3.7 inches. In a post, McNoldy highlights three big problems that follow from those numbers...

Head in Sand / Mar 2015 Florida Officials Say They Were Banned From Saying 'Climate Change' and 'Global Warming'

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Karst formation/underground will have added impact on sea-level rise/salt water intrusion in Florida

Re: Florida topography:

What we see of Florida is just part of an enormous carbonate platform that developed over millions of years. When the bit of metamorphic rock that would become Florida's basement rifted off of proto-Africa in the time of Pangea, a basin formed as the baby Atlantic Ocean was born. That's where the Florida Platform began to form: in shallow, warm seas filled with coral reefs and algae with calcium carbonate skeletons, living happily under the sun, producing those calcium carbonate bits that built up incrementally as they died. And this went on for ages, right up through the Paleogene, the geologic age after the death of the dinosaurs. There are cliffs bounding the Florida Platform that are nearly 1,828 meters (6,000 feet) high, beneath the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. That immense carbonate mass may be more than 6,096 meters (20,000 feet) deep. That's a huge amount of potential karst. (From Scientific American)

Thick carbonate deposits under most of Florida comprise the Floridan aquifer system... The high productivity of this aquifer is due to the development of secondary porosity caused by dissolution or karst processes.

Karst topography is the geological name given to an area of limestone bedrock featuring caves, sinkholes, underground streams and natural springs (Florida has one of the highest concentrations of springs on Earth). In laymen terms, karst topography is anywhere the lower levels of the soil horizon has been dissolved by the physical or chemical weathering of the bedrock. These environments are comprised of carbonate rocks, such as dolomite and limestone, or having high amounts of evaporites, for example, salt and gypsum, as these materials tend to be highly soluble in water. Having these conditions within humid climate like Florida invites faster weathering. Another erosion accelerator is groundwater mixed with vegetation creates a weak acid that dissolves the limestone. (think baking soda mixing with vinegar) Over time, cracks become caves, and when caves collapse they form exposed openings known as karst windows.

Karst processes characteristically develop zones of enhanced porosity within carbonate rocks creating a highly heterogeneous aquifer system with rapid rates of ground-water movement and recharge. Subsidence events caused by the collapse of materials into overlying caverns and caves can result in structural damage at land surface. More importantly karst-related features can create direct pathways for introducing surface contaminants into the ground-water system where remediation is difficult.

USGS: Groundwater contamination is the most significant problem in karst. The formation of solution channels and sinkholes create a direct avenue for the movement of inadequately treated stormwater and wastewater into the aquifer. In karst aquifers, turbulently flowing underground streams have velocities approaching those of surface streams. The nature of the groundwater flow system causes karst areas to be extremely vulnerable to groundwater contamination.

Most of Florida is prone to karst-related water-resource problems...

● The Clock is Ticking on Florida’s Mountains of Hazardous Phosphate Waste

Phosphate has also seeded Florida with the environmental equivalent of ticking time bombs

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Rising seas/climate change will have a special impact on FL due to the underground systems

Saltwater intrusion and groundwater contamination will be and already is a critical issue in the region's future.....

Florida Carbonate-Platform-via-Tihansky.jpg

http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/kigconference/abt_karstfeatures_files/fig4.jpg

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/rosetta-stones/files/2013/03/Sinkhole-zones-in-fl.jpg

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Read more on Florida risks:

Banned in Florida: Government Frowns on the Use of the Term -- "Climate Change"

http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/05/10/sea-rise-threatens-florida-coast-but-statewide-plan/QMdrryJGQKQz6m49kKZsDN/story.html

http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-03-08/florida-officials-say-they-were-banned-from-saying-climate-change-and-global-warming-

http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-usa-florida-climatechange-idINKBN0M51P520150309

http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article12983720.html

http://mashable.com/2015/03/09/florida-bans-global-warming/

http://qz.com/358675/floridas-authorities-want-to-wish-climate-change-away/

http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0309/Can-Florida-prepare-for-climate-change-without-saying-the-words

http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/03/09/florida-state-most-affected-by-climate-change-reportedly-bans-term-climate-change/

http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2015/03/florida-climate-change

http://www.citylab.com/weather/2015/03/why-its-so-dangerous-that-floridas-governor-banned-the-term-climate-change/387226/

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/florida-quietly-bans-the-words-climate-change-in-environmental-protection-docs.html

http://www.salon.com/2015/03/09/the_term_climate_change_is_reportedly_banned_in_florida/

http://www.engadget.com/2015/03/09/rick-scott-climate-change-denial-in-florida/

http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/08/florida-banned-terms-climate-change-global-warming

http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/03/report-officials-at-florida-environment-office-told-not-to-say-climate-change/

http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/09/politics/florida-officials-climate-change-banned/

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Florida International University Researchers Tackle Sea Level Rise

Rising seas in South Florida, PBS-2014 - South Florida Rising Seas - PBS

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Big Energy companies in Florida look to "gut energy savings goals"

In Florida, fossil fuel energy co's have their way in a pro-fossil fueled legis and w/ the gov. Today we read the energy co's are officially against renewables, incl solar in the "Sunshine State", claiming to the PSC that energy 'savings' are bad (for them) and then there's the 'if they can't grow, they'll die' argument (so pay more, use more, pollute more, greenhouse more, sea rise more, not to worry, bigger better, more better.) What's wrong w/ this picture?

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Scientists petition the governor

Southeast Florida Climate Compact

Adaptation action-ICLEI model

Resiliency against sea-level rise

NASA study of Southeast Florida Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise

Florida and the Surging Seas, a Vulnerability Assessment

Miami in Deep

South Florida Faces Ominous Prospects from Rising Waters / NYT

Rising Seas: South Florida, Inching toward Disaster

Florida - Impact of Sea Level Rise on Energy and Water

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A 2014 report released by the research and journalism group Climate Central found that 2,120 square miles of land lie less than 3 feet above the high tide line in Florida. That means 300,000 homes, or around $145 billion in property value, are at risk.... Climate Central found that $71 billion of Florida property sits on land less than two feet above the high tide line.

http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/ssrf/FL-Report.pdf

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Flooding and Insurance Rates Going Up in Florida

The West Coast of Florida: Snapshot of the Future

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California

Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study - City of Los Angeles

Over the next century, sea level rise in the Los Angeles (L.A.) region is expected to match global projections with an increase of 0.1 - 0.6 m (5 - 24 inches) from 2000 to 2050 and 0.4 - 1.7 m (17 - 66 inches) from 2000 to 2100. USC Report

Los Angeles critical coastal infrastructure at the Port of Los Angeles (Port) is approximately 10 ft above sea level. Under current conditions, some of this infrastructure is vulnerable to flooding during high tide events and severe storms. This flooding is expected to worsen as sea level rise contributes to increased total water levels. The Port is among the busiest in the world, contributing more than $63 billion to the State of California, and more than $260 billion to the U.S. economy. More than 40% of all imports arriving in the U.S. comes through the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, where it is loaded onto trucks and trains for overland shipping (Port of Los Angeles 2012)... [1]

San Diego - http://www.icleiusa.org/climate_and_energy/Climate_Adaptation_Guidance/san-diego-bay-sea-level-rise-adaptation-strategy-1

California regional - http://climate.calcommons.org/article/regional-strategies-sea-level-rise-adaptation

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New York City

Startling Maps of How New York City Will Be Hit

CityLab Maps

http://www.landscapemetrics.com/portfolio/project/13/

With five more feet of ocean, everything from Canarsie to Coney Island would be submerged

Not to Worry: It's in the Distant Future (Not)

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Post Superstorm Sandy, estimated $29 Billion plan sets stage for future [2] Mayor's Plan to Protect NYC A Stronger, More Resilient New York [3] Superstorm barrier for New York - June 4, 2014 13 Mile Long Levee at tip of Manhattan

In a settlement that could have far-reaching implications nationwide, New York’s largest utility is now responsible for preparing for a future of extreme weather, including the impacts of climate change. June 5, 2014 [4]

NY/NJ Sea Rise Assessment 2013

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U.S.

Ways Cities are Preparing for Sea-Level Rise

"Global sea-level rise (SLR) trends provide valuable evidence in preparing for future environmental change" explains a 2012 US NOAA report which goes on to say aside from this report, there is currently no coordinated, interagency effort in the US to identify agreed upon global mean SLR estimates for the purpose of coastal planning, policy, and management. -- Scenarios/NOAA/Nov 2012

Soon after this acknowledgment of a systemic lack of coordinated, interagency planning, a follow-on assessment is issued by "twelve contributing authors" from "ten different federal and academic science institutions." NOAA/Dec 2012

"A new sea level rise scenarios report has been released by NOAA's Climate Program Office in collaboration with twelve contributing authors from ten different federal and academic science institutions. The report, produced in response to a request from the U.S. National Climate Assessment Development and Advisory Committee, provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on global sea level rise, and a set of four scenarios of future global sea level rise." Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment

US Pentagon Prepares for Climate Change

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Global

Sea level rises poses greater threat to billions / March 2016

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Dire Warnings from James Hansen

Sea level rise over 6000 yrs

US Gov initiates global climate change inter-agency coordination/risk assessment -- Global Change News and Updates

- Earth Imaging -- The Antarctic: Big Melt Accelerates

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via New Zealand Herald/Science

Sept 2015

"Climate Change, the Fate of Antarctica and Global Sea-level Rise"

New evidence suggesting a behemoth "sleeping giant" ice sheet is more sensitive to climate change than ever thought... the ice sheet, which forms most of Antarctica, would contribute an equivalent of around 50 metres of sea level rise - the vast majority of the total 58 metres that could come from the frozen continent.

The part of the ice sheet that rests on bedrock below sea level is most vulnerable and holds an equivalent of 19 metres of sea level rise.

In the face of climate change, which has brought warmer ocean water to the edges of Antarctica, the vast ice sheet has been long regarded by scientists to be much more stable when compared with the smaller, 25 million square kilometre West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which satellite measurements estimated was losing more than 150 cubic kilometres of ice each year.

But an Australian expedition that managed to reach the typically inaccessible Totten Glacier in East Antarctica in January revealed some of the first direct evidence that warmer waters were having a significant impact...

"In general, all of the evidence we have from the ice, from the atmosphere, and from the top to the bottom of oceans, is that the Southern Ocean is having an impact on Antarctica and an impact on our climate.

"The evidence is just becoming more and more clear that change is underway - and work by my colleagues all around the world is showing these changes are a result of human activity. It's not just a natural cycle we are seeing."

Dr Stephen Rintoul has led 12 expeditions to Antarctica and coordinated the major international Southern Ocean climate research programmes conducted over the past 25 years...

The new findings link in with what is another big part of Dr Rintoul's work - the role of oceans in climate change.

"One of the things that many people don't realise is that, in a sense, global warming is ocean warming - more than 93 per cent of the extra heat that's been stored by the planet over the last 50 years is found in the oceans.

"So that means if we want to understand how the climate is evolving and how the climate is changing, we need to be tracking and understanding what's happening in the oceans..."

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August 2015

Glaciologist Eric Rignot of the UC-Irvine and NASA’s JPL and lead author of a West Antarctic study, stated that East Antarctica’s ice sheet remains a wildcard.

“The prevailing view among specialists has been that East Antarctica is stable, but we don’t really know,” Rignot stated. “Some of the signs we see in the satellite data right now are red flags that these glaciers might not be as stable as we once thought.”

Exactly how much rise will happen and when is uncertain, they say. “We’ve seen from the paleoclimate record that sea level rise of as much as 10 feet in a century or two is possible, if the ice sheets fall apart rapidly,” said Tom Wagner, the cryosphere program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “We’re seeing evidence that the ice sheets are waking up, but we need to understand them better before we can say we’re in a new era of rapid ice loss.”

Rising Sea Level Threat: Glaciers 'Beyond the Point of No Return'

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Resilient Strategies for responding to sea-level rise

Resilient Cities - Resilient Communities

Integrating Best Practices into Planning

"With identification of risks inherent in the forces of nature, government acquires responsibilities to address those risks..."

Sea-level rise mitigation policies

Disaster Preparedness/FEMA - PDF

http://www.iclei.org/details/article/how-to-raise-funding-to-build-protection-walls-against-sea-level-rise.html

Adaptation Library

http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/iclei-partners-summarize-implications-of-ar5-findings-for-cities/

http://www.asian-cities-adapt.org/fileadmin/files/Policy_Pointer/Policy_Pointer_Sea-level_Final.pdf

http://www.resilientafrica.org/Resources/Final%20Resources/ICLEI%20Africa_5%20City%20Adaptation%20Network_Walvis%20Bay%20Downscaled%20Climate%20Report.pdf

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Against the Tide book by Cornelia Dean

(From Publishers Weekly) An eloquent, forceful plea to save America's rapidly eroding beaches and coastline, this revelatory and disturbing report from the science editor of the New York Times is reminiscent of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring...

In Against the Tide, Cornelia Dean, science editor of The New York Times, outlines the global coastal management crisis and all the elaborate engineering methods developed to stave off erosion--revetments, sand-trapping devices, seawalls, groins and jetties... have failed...

From the motels and T-shirt shops of beachless Florida "beach towns" to Los Angeles County, most of whose beaches are artificial, the story Dean tells is the same. People build on unstable landforms, then attempt to avoid the inevitable consequences through quick technological fixes: concrete seawalls, artificial reefs, sand-trapping steel groins, jetties, underground "dewatering" systems of pipes and pumps, etc. These techno-fixes may prolong the life of coastal buildings, but they usually accelerate erosion and environmental degradation...

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