Arctic1_by_Timo_Lieber

GreenPolicy360 Arctic Watch

What happens in the North doesn't stay in the North

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January 2019

December 2018

November 2018

Climate Impact Far Beyond the Arctic

October 2018

NASA Video / 2018 Arctic Sea Ice Ties for Sixth Lowest Minimum Extent on NASA Record

First Container Ship Crosses the Arctic

Melting Arctic ice lets world's biggest shipping firm complete first voyage through previously impenetrable Northeast Passage

• Maersk sent a new ship across the polar sea for the first time

• The route has historically been difficult to traverse because of thick sea ice

• Global warming has melted much of the route, opening it up to trade ships

The Northern Sea Route could be a shorter route for journeys from East Asia to Europe than the Northwest Passage over Canada because it will likely be free of ice sooner due to climate change.

The container vessel, Venta Maersk, traveled from Vladivostok to St Petersburg over the northern top of Russia.

Experts say the new passage reduces the most commonly used East Asia-Europe route via the Suez Canal from 13,000 miles (21,000 kilometres) to 8,000 miles (12,800 kilometres), cutting transit time by 10-15 days.

Typically vessels taking this icy route have required an ice-breaker escort, but rising global temperatures are making the passage easier to traverse.

The Northern Sea Route is becoming appealing to the shipping industry, especially to the oil and gas sector, as it is much shorter than the Suez Canal.

The reduction of ice in the Arctic and design of new ice-breaking commercial vessels make the transportation of abundant Arctic natural energy resources commercially viable.

• The North Pole ain't what it used to be

By Kieran Mulvaney / Washington Post Magazine

September / August 2018

• Arctic’s strongest sea ice breaks up for first time on record

Via The oldest and thickest sea ice in the Arctic has started to break up, opening waters north of Greenland that are normally frozen, even in summer.

This phenomenon – which has never been recorded before – has occurred twice this year due to warm winds and a climate-change driven heatwave in the northern hemisphere.

One meteorologist described the loss of ice as “scary”. Others said it could force scientists to revise their theories about which part of the Arctic will withstand warming the longest.

The sea off the north coast of Greenland is normally so frozen that it was referred to, until recently, as “the last ice area” because it was assumed that this would be the final northern holdout against the melting effects of a hotter planet...

• Ice drift vectors

• Via National Geographic / Exclusive: Some Arctic Ground No Longer Freezing — Even in Winter

July / June / May 2018

Peruse scientifically ...

Arctic Sea-ice retreat

Short-, Mid-, Long-term

• https://sites.google.com/site/arcticseaicegraphs/longterm

• http://www.deepseanews.com/2015/09/a-story-of-climate-change-told-in-15-graphs/

• http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2018/03/arctic-sea-ice-maximum-second-lowest/

• https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/sea-ice-concentration-data-overview-comparison-table-and-graphs

• https://climate.nasa.gov/

• https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2700/arctic-wintertime-sea-ice-extent-is-among-lowest-on-record/

• https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2736/making-a-map-of-water-and-ice/

Skeptical?

• https://skepticalscience.com/argument.php

• https://www.skepticalscience.com/arctic-sea-ice-history-to-1850.html

• https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/global-sea-ice-at-a-record-breaking-low/

• http://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supplement_4/13598

• The decline in the floating sea ice cover in the Arctic is one of the most striking manifestations of climate change. In this review, the ongoing loss of Arctic sea ice across all seasons is examined, including data sets over time based on satellite retrievals, atmospheric reanalysis, climate-model simulations and earth science reporting.

April 2018

What Extremely Warm Winters Mean for the Future of the Arctic

In an interview with Yale Environment 360, polar scientist Mark Serreze talks about the rapid changes he has witnessed over more than three decades of working in the Arctic and the future stability of the region if temperatures continue to climb.

We’re going to have an Arctic that, except for winter, you look at it from satellite and it’s going to be a blue ocean. It will have lost its ice. Not just its sea ice, but a lot of the permafrost will be thawed, the snow cover season will be much shorter. The thing is, when you’re thinking about the Arctic, the Arctic’s soul is its ice. When you lose that ice, the Arctic loses its soul.

March 2018

"It was bigger than sending a man to the moon" -- Russia-US drilling in a Warming Arctic (2011)

The big story, the 'follow the money' story, the story of oil/gas profits and global environmental costs

Rosneft/Exxon's $500 billion deal, Rex Tillerson appointment as US Secretary of State, political-economic reality

Exxon is abandoning Russian projects

Via the Wall Street Journal -- Exxon-Russian Plans for drilling in Arctic ocean oil fields end -- temporarily.

Withdrawal from joint venture brokered by Tillerson for now marks end of energy giant’s hopes of drilling in Arctic ocean oil fields

The Texas oil giant said in a regulatory filing late Wednesday that it would walk away from the joint venture with state-controlled PAO Rosneft to seek oil in the ice-choked waters of the Kara Sea, a hard-fought deal signed in 2012 by the company’s former chief executive, Rex Tillerson, now U.S. secretary of state.

Mr. Tillerson had touted the agreement as a breakthrough giving Exxon access to one of the world’s great unexplored oil and gas basins. The company reportedly spent about $700 million to drill the first well, likely making it the most expensive ever. It struck oil, according to Rosneft...

Exxon declined to comment on the reasons for its decision. The company said it would formally begin to withdraw from the Rosneft joint ventures this year, taking a $200 million loss after taxes.

Rosneft said in a statement carried by Russian news agencies that it would support the return of Exxon to the projects in the future if it were legally possible.

Via Medium / "Follow the Money from the Rosneft/Exxon $500 billion deal"

Igor Sechin described the ambition of the (2011 announced) Rosneft/Exxon project as “bigger than sending man to outer space or flying to the moon.”

“Experts say that this project, in terms of its ambitions, exceeds sending man into outer space or flying to the moon,” Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin, an architect of the partnership, told a briefing for analysts in New York.

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February 2018

How's the Weather?

Extreme, "Really Extreme"

• Monthly-Yearly Arctic sea ice chart (2008-2018)

• Record-breaking temperatures reach the North Pole

• A Farewell to Ice, book by Peter Wadhams (2016)

https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Arctic_ice_Sep_1984_-_Sep_2016_vid.png

Watch the Arctic Sea Ice seasonally shrink in this NASA time-lapse vid

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Arctic temperatures are soaring

by Joe Romm

It was the warmest December on record in the Arctic, and 2018 has already set a string of records for lowest Arctic sea ice.

Unfortunately for America and the rest of the planet, the best science makes clear that what happens in the Arctic doesn’t stay in the Arctic. “We long ago anticipated that warming would be greatest in the Arctic owing to the vicious cycle of melting ice and warming oceans,” climate scientist Mike Mann told ThinkProgress via email.

“But what we didn’t anticipate is the way that changing wind patterns could accelerate that process — and along with it, a host of nasty associated surprises.”

Surprises include “including slowing down of ocean currents, and whacky weather patterns in North America associated with weather extremes like droughts, wildfires, floods, and superstorms.”

And those are in addition to the “nasty” associated impacts that scientists have long predicted would result from Arctic warming, such as faster melting of the land-based Greenland ice sheet, which in turn drives the speed up in sea level rise that scientists reported last week (Feb. 12, 2018)....

• John Abraham, professor of thermal sciences: “The temperatures in the Arctic are off the chart. This matters for the rest of us because this is the time of year when the Arctic ice should be growing. But it isn’t growing like it should. So, this summer, there will be less ice and more open waters that will lead to more warming. We've started a feedback loop that we cannot stop.”

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January 2018

National Geographic / Pictures show Climate Change's dramatic Arctic impact

A photographer’s work with Greenpeace has given him a front-row seat to twenty years of drastic change

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December 2017

Ghosts of the Arctic (Vimeo/HD)

• Via the Washington Post and Chris Mooney / Exploring-Mapping New Arctic Sea Routes

The Northwest Passage Opens: The Future of Ice-Free Arctic Commercialization Comes into View

• Via Grist / The Arctic Will Never Be Frozen Again

The Arctic as we once knew it is no more

• Looking at Barrow, Alaska

Scientists Thought an Alaskan Weather Station Was Broken...

It Was Just Climate Change

November/October 2017

• Cutting Off the Data. Why?

As the Ice Retreats -- Oil/Gas Pressures in the North Accelerate

New Risks and Volatile Change

NOAA / Arctic Report Card

Listen to the serving Commandant of the US Coast Guard:

Adm. Paul Zukunft, U.S. Coast Guard commandant / July 25, 2017: (WGBH Boston / National Public Radio Interview)

~ Arctic Militarization?

~ Surface ships in the Arctic, the US/Russian future on oil/gas resources...

~ The US is only Arctic nation that has not ratified the Convention of the Law of the Sea

~ EEZs / Exclusive Economic Zones / Off-shore extended continent shelf -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone

~ Territorial Waters -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters

September / August 2017

> Russian tanker sails through Arctic without icebreaker for first time

Trump 'Reluctantly' Signs Sanctions Bill, US/Russia Arctic Gas/Oil Ventures Blocked

July / June 2017

Time to Drill?

Trump: Time to Open the Arctic to Drilling

US Senate Passes Russia Sanctions Deal

In effect, action by the US Congress to continue/extend sanctions has the effect of blocking ExxonMobile-Rosneft Arctic drilling

Exxon and Rosneft offshore exploration partnership plans to invest as much as $500 billion in developing Russia's vast energy reserves in the Arctic and Black seas

• Budget calls for opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas drilling

• Trump Moves to Remove Russia Sanctions, Enabling Joint US/Russia Arctic Drilling

Head of the US House Committee on Science: Climate Change is "Beneficial"

• Lamar Smith Goes to Greenland

• Lamar Smith Returns from Greenland

Lamar Smith's New Line: It's time to Celebrate

WASHINGTON / HuffPost / July 24, 2017 — Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas) — who has spent his career cozying up to fossil fuel interests, dismissing the threat of climate change and harassing federal climate scientists — is now arguing that pumping the atmosphere full of carbon dioxide is “beneficial” to global trade, crop production and the lushness of the planet.

Rather than buying into “hysteria,” Americans should be celebrating the plus sides of a changing climate, Smith argues in an op-ed published July 24th in The Daily Signal, a news website published by the conservative Heritage Foundation.

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June 8 / DC Law Firm's Russian Clients and New Presidential FBI Appointee

Exxon-Rosnoft, Tillerson-Putin, and a Sanctions Timeline from the Business Insider

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“Roast the Arctic and you create a mess everywhere on Earth...”

-- Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer

Arctic Could Be Ice Free by 2040

Phenomenal Melt Season

Annual Arctic Sea Ice Minimum 1979-2016 with Area Graph

Interactive Map / Arctic Sea Ice Area

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May 2017

Why Care About Black Carbon?

Soot / 'Black Carbon' in the Arctic

Rex Tillerson speaks of 'how the Trump administration will approach the issue of climate change'

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-11/arctic-is-changing-as-u-s-mulls-climate-policy-tillerson-says

https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/05/270813.htm

Tillerson’s appearance in Alaska at the Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting comes two days after the White House said Trump would postpone a decision over whether to pull out of the landmark Paris climate accord until after he meets world leaders at the Group of Seven summit later this month.

“We are currently reviewing several important policies, including how the Trump administration will approach the issue of climate change,” Tillerson said Thursday during his remarks to the Arctic Council, which also includes Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. “We’re going to work to make the right decision for the United States.”

Tillerson called for vigilance in protecting the Arctic’s “fragile environment.” The U.S. will continue to be an active member of the council," he said. “The Arctic region has been facing unprecedented change and challenges.”

Initially (in their joint "Fairbanks Declaration" statement that accompanied the Council's meeting,) the U.S. objected to references to climate change, renewable energy and United Nations sustainability goals in an early draft of the joint statement, said Rene Soderman, senior adviser for Arctic cooperation at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. The council reworked the wording and convinced the U.S. to accept the changes.

“We were able to push the U.S. back as much as possible,” Soderman said.

Dollars & the Arctic

• http://e360.yale.edu/features/how-big-money-in-politics-blocked-u-s-action-on-climate-change

Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic: Summary for Policy-makers

• https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/Arctic-swipa-spm.pdf

• https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Permafrost_Loss_est

The Arctic Transformed

The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth. Over the past 50 years, the Arctic’s temperature has risen by more than twice the global average.

• http://www.amap.no/swipa2017

The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous peoples, and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on issues of environmental protection and sustainable development in the Arctic. Established in 1996, the Arctic Council is composed of eight Member States (Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States). It also includes six organizations representing Arctic indigenous peoples.

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April 2017

• How a Melting Arctic Changes Everything

• Exxon and Rosneft Arctic Drilling Agreement, Russian Sanctions, On or Off?

• Arctic Ocean Is Becoming More Like the Atlantic Ocean

• Pushed by Currents, Billions of Pieces of Plastic Pollution from World's Oceans End Up in the Arctic

• New Expanded Arctic Drilling Policies Are in the Works

March 2017

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/vladimir-putin-visits-arctic-reaffirm-russia-claim-170329200545418.html

On a tour on the Franz Josef Land archipelago, a sprawling collection of islands where the Russian military has recently built a new runway and worked to open a permanent base, Putin emphasised on Wednesday (March 29) the need to protect Russia's economic and security interests in the Arctic.

"Natural resources, which are of paramount importance for the Russian economy, are concentrated in this region," Putin said in remarks carried by Russian news agencies.

Putin said current estimates put the value of the Arctic's mineral riches at $30 trillion.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2017/01/knockin-russias-arctic-door

http://www.uarctic.org/news/2017/1/invitation-to-the-high-north-dialogue-conference-2017

http://arcticjournal.com/politics/3058/northern-approaches

• NASA / Record Sea Ice Lows at North and South Poles

NASA's Earth Science News Team / Arctic sea ice appears to have reached on March 7 a record low wintertime maximum extent, according to scientists at NASA and the NASA-supported National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado. And on the opposite side of the planet, on March 3 sea ice around Antarctica hit its lowest extent ever recorded by satellites at the end of summer in the Southern Hemisphere...

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February 11, 2017 via CS Monitor — Records are shattering left and right across the Arctic, much like the ever-dwindling sea ice that once covered the entire Arctic Ocean.

First, the facts. January sea ice area has never been so small. In November, the coverage fell short of average by an area the size of the eastern half of the United States. Northeast Greenland had its warmest February day ever (by almost four degrees). The current heat wave brought temperatures near the North Pole to 50 degrees above average...

“We’re still trying to figure out what is happening here,” Mark Serreze, a senior research scientist with the Colorado-based Snow and Ice Data Center that compiles and reports the history of Arctic ice conditions.

“The ridiculously warm temperatures in the Arctic during October and November this year are off the charts over our 68 years of measurements,” Jennifer Francis, a climate scientist at Rutgers University...

Everyone agrees that "something is very, very wrong with the Arctic climate"...

• Beyond the Extreme

“[A]fter studying the Arctic and its climate for three and a half decades, I have concluded that what has happened over the last year goes beyond even the extreme,” wrote Mark Serreze, director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colo., in an "Crazy times in the Arctic" article for Earth magazine.

The number of freezing degree days is far lower than any other period on record.

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C4Lj3gcWIAE6dqF.jpg

Between 1980 and 2016 the amount of summer ice in cubic kilometers has decreased by an estimated 72 percent...

• Impacts of a warming Arctic / NASA 'Cryosphere' Science

• Arctic 2.0: What happens after all the ice goes?

• http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2015-arctic-sea-ice-maximum-annual-extent-is-lowest-on-record

January 19, 2017

Arctic Sea Ice, Record Low

Northern Routes Open as Ice Retreats

Russia pushes into the Arctic

Exxon Mobil could tap huge Arctic assets if US - Russian relations thaw

Former Exxon CEO and new US Sec of State Rex Tillerson meets with Russian President Putin

during 2012 negotiations to move forward with joint oil/gas ventures described as historic

Read More re: Energy Production in the Arctic

http://interfaxenergy.com/gasdaily/article/22688/sakhalin-1-the-likely-source-for-sakhalin-2s-third-train

http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/rex-tillerson-supporters-russia-exxon-ties-232524

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February 2017

• February 1, 2017 -- Rex Tillerson Is Confirmed as Secretary of State Amid Record Opposition

ExxonMobil CEO closer to confirmation as US Secretary of State

Ex-Chief of ExxonMobil Testifies Before US Congress

• President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, said he believes the risks of climate change "could be serious enough that action should be taken,” but he did not elaborate on what that action should be.

Tillerson testified that he formed his views “over about 20 years as an engineer and a scientist, understanding the evolution of the science.” Ultimately, he said, he concluded that increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere are having an effect on the earth’s climate. But he added, “Our ability to predict that effect is very limited,” and precisely what actions nations should take “seems to be the largest area of debate existing in the public discourse.”

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December 2016

• US Department of Defense Report to Congress on Strategy to Protect United States National Security Interests in the Arctic Region

Geopolitics in the Arctic

Russia and the United States are moving with force to claim fossil fuel exploration and production rights

Canada, China, Norway and additional countries are look to join into the Arctic resource exploration

A 'gas/oil' resource rush is imminent despite inherent dangers and impacts on global climate

The critical, strategic demand continues for New Definitions of National and Global Security

• https://fas.org/irp/congress/2009_hr/arctic.pdf

• A preliminary assessment by the US Geological Survey suggests the Arctic seabed may hold as much as 25 percent of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas reserves.

• By one USGS reported estimate, 400 billion barrels of oil might lie beneath the Arctic seabed.

• http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0731/p01s01-woeu.html

• http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059940271

• http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-norway-nato-clear-policy-arctic-bases-submarines-military-a7453581.html

• http://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/13/exxon-mobil-could-tap-huge-arctic-assets-if-us-russian-relations-thaw.html

• https://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/a-massive-natural-gas-plant-rises-in-the-arctic

A Final Presidential Decision Re: Arctic Oil/Gas

https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-12-19/obama-said-to-use-1953-law-to-block-drilling-in-arctic-atlantic

December 19, 2016 / President Barack Obama prepares to leave office and prepares to block the sale of new offshore drilling rights in most of the U.S. Arctic and parts of the Atlantic. The executive order that could indefinitely restrict oil production there, according to people familiar with the decision.

http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/18/obama-blocks-new-oil-gas-drilling-in-arctic-ocean.html

Arctic Sea Ice at Record Lows / December 2016

http://phys.org/news/2016-12-state-arcticlonger-seasons-thinning-sea.html

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13122016/arctic-melting-climate-change-noaa-science

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89223

http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card

Not Good News, Arctic Sea Ice News

http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2016/09/2016-ties-with-2007-for-second-lowest-arctic-sea-ice-minimum/

https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--PEakRtPE--/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/xyasmhqdqgrzxvvqd3is.gif

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/17/the-north-pole-is-an-insane-36-degrees-warmer-than-normal-as-winter-descends/

First Cruise Ship Crossing the Ice-Free Arctic Passage

• https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Crystal_Serenity_cruises_2016.png

• https://www.wired.com/2016/03/climate-change-opens-first-luxury-arctic-cruise-route/

• http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/15687-serenity-departs-for-northwest-passage-trip.html

• http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/crystal-serenity-cruise-ulukhaktok-1.3736984 Ulukhaktok

• http://www.ktva.com/shows/frontiers/episode-74-crystal-serenitys-historic-voyage-951/ Arrival (September 16, 2016) in New York City ...

• http://www.reuters.com/article/us-environment-shipping-arctic-idUSKCN12A14B

The beginning of cruise ships plying the formerly isolated, ice-bound region... prompting calls for a clamp-down to prevent Titanic-style accidents and the pollution of fragile eco-systems resulting from accidents -- and new gas/oil production.

Arctic nations begin to consider limiting the size of vessels and banning the use of heavy fuel oil in the region after first luxury cruise ship, Crystal Serenity, sailed through the Arctic from Alaska, across Canada's newly navigable Northwest Passage, to New York in the summer of 2016.

Next up, commercial shipping traffic, container ships ...

- http://container-news.com/arctic-ocean-shipping-routes-open-months/

Shipping industry report:

Sea-ice is in a committed, long-term decline as the polar north warms.

This year looks on course to be the second lowest in the satellite record. Researchers do not see this trend being reversed anytime soon.

“If we experience a 2-degree increase in global temperatures, we will get close to an Arctic that is effectively ice-free for part of the year; that’s less than a million sq km of ice cover,” said Reading University's Dr. Ed Hawkins.

“So, even if future emissions are consistent with the Paris agreement, it will of course mean shipping routes will be more open. Not every year, but more regularly than they are now.”

“Open water vessels won’t be hugging the Russian coast quite so much, and ice-strengthened ships will be going right over the pole,” he told BBC News.

Saving time

The incentives are clear: if vessels can transit the Arctic, they will shave many days off their journey times between the Pacific and North Atlantic ports, and save fuel.

In addition, by plotting a more central course, they can avoid the fees they would otherwise be charged for going through Siberian waters.

The team has been looking at how the opportunities might evolve in the decades ahead.

The group used five prominent climate computer models and essentially trained them to better reflect the distribution of Arctic sea-ice as seen in current observations.

They then ran those models forward through the century under different emissions scenarios, to gauge where and how frequently shipping routes would become navigable.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route (Russia)

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage (Canada)

2015

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sanctions-russia-arctic-shipping-idUSKBN0KV17520150122

2014/2013

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-arctic-shipping-idUSBRE92718420130308

2012/2011

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-rosneft-idUSBRE83H0UE20120418

Oil major ExxonMobil (XOM.N) and Russia's Rosneft ROSN.M unveiled an offshore exploration partnership on Wednesday that could invest upward of $500 billion in developing Russia's vast energy reserves in the Arctic and Black Sea.

The deal, between the world's largest listed oil firm and the world's top oil producing nation, was the product of nearly a year of talks and came about despite a history of mutual distrust between Washington and Moscow dating back to the Cold War and recent difficulties for other Western firms in Russia.

"Experts say that this project, in terms of its ambitions, exceeds sending man into outer space or flying to the moon," Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin, a key architect of the partnership, told a briefing for analysts in New York.

Under the deal, signed in Moscow on Monday, Exxon and state-controlled Rosneft will seek to develop three fields in the Arctic with recoverable hydrocarbon reserves estimated at 85 billion barrels in oil-equivalent terms.

A final investment decision on the projects in the Kara Sea, in the centre of Russia's north coast, is expected in 2016-17, Rosneft said in a video presentation at the event, which was hosted by Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson and Rosneft President Eduard Khudainatov.

- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/06/us-russia-political-tensions-arctic

- https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/05/melting-arctic-ice-supertankers

More on the Future of the Arctic:

Arctic News -- http://www.arcticnow.com/section/arctic-news/

Arctic Geopolitics, Multiplying Global Risks

NYT / October 2005 / Revkin et al. -- A New 'Great Game' Rivalry, the Arctic

Geopolitical Issues (via GreenPolicy's associated site, Strategic Demands)

http://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/

http://strategicdemands.com/?s=eurasia

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