Category:Social Justice

The 13th Amendment

In 1863 President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring “all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” Nonetheless, the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation. Lincoln recognized that the Emancipation Proclamation would have to be followed by a constitutional amendment in order to guarantee the abolishment of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution

The 13th amendment, which formally abolished slavery in the United States, passed the Senate on April 8, 1864, and the House on January 31, 1865. On February 1, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln approved the Joint Resolution of Congress submitting the proposed amendment to the state legislatures. The necessary number of states ratified it by December 6, 1865. The 13th amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

Southern slavery memories

'The Announcement' on 'Juneteenth', June 19th, 1865

On June 19, 1865, the Emancipation Proclamation was announced in Texas and the surrender of the Southern army of General Lee became 'official' as a final state heard the Civil War was over. Freedom was arriving at last. The reality was much different, much harsher.

Racism and acts of racism went on, transforming into different forms, personal and systemic. Discrimination, mass imprisonment and forced labor, peonage, brutality and worse, lynchings continued in the South as a terrible legacy. Within many political groups, Democrats-Dixiecrats and Republicans over the years, and formations such as the KKK, fear mongering and hate spread.

This harsh reality was met with faith and courage, day by day, year by year, and gradually progress was made in the struggle against systemic racism. New voices and generations rose up. The 1960s marches, the Civil Rights Act, young voices with progressive beliefs grew, and expanded educational opportunity became reality in city after city. The racists lost in their attempts to stop progress. 'Dixie-Democrats' walked out of a changing Democratic Party in 1964 and 1968. The struggle continued in new ways across the US, and across the world.

The battle for civil rights and human rights continues today, generation to generation, across states and nations. With hope for a better tomorrow being felt across the earth, an arc of justice can be seen growing.

Today, it's fitting to speak of a new Independence Day. A 'Juneteenth holiday' being spoken of brings remembrance of a celebration of freedom and is another step forward in a long journey.

We support the proposed new national Juneteenth holiday introduced this week formally in the US Senate by a TX Republican, John Cornyn, and in the US House of Representatives by a TX Dem, Sheila Jackson.

The 1865 Handwritten Order Marking Juneteenth

NYT / June 19, 2020: The original written order to Texans that “all slaves are free” is found in a Union Army records book in the National Archives in Washington.

The re-location in the Army archive of the original announcement -- General Order No. 3 --- is historic.

The order was read aloud by a Union officer, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, in Galveston on June 19, 1865... That date, which became known as Juneteenth, has been celebrated ever since.

The discovery (of the order) was spurred by Michael Davis, a public affairs specialist for the National Archives who was writing a piece about the history of the holiday.

“In light of what has happened recently in our nation with police brutality, I wanted to make sure that we highlighted Juneteenth,” Mr. Davis said in an interview. He asked his colleagues if the archives had any documents from that day in 1865, hoping to find something but not sure that he would.

Trevor K. Plante, the director of archival operations at the National Archives building in Washington, zeroed in on the Union Army records from Texas. And on Thursday, in the stacks on the 10th tier of the building’s west side, he found a leather-bound book with a June 19 entry in neat cursive...

“The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free,” it said. “This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor.”

The document, encased in its original binding, was legible and in good condition, Mr. Plante said. “It’s more powerful when you see the handwritten version of it, as opposed to the printed versions that came much later,” he added, referring to the copies of Civil War documents that were compiled by the United States War Department (a precursor to the Department of Defense) around the end of the 19th century.

June 19th, Juneteenth 2020

A tip of our Green political hat to Will Sutton who writes from New Orleans on June 18, 2020 of a call rising across the U.S. for a national "Juneteenth" holiday.

Mr. Sutton speaks of a historic first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation.

The first Southern reading of the proclamation was in what is now Hampton, Virginia, and more specifically on land that is now Hampton University, my alma mater. You can’t attend Hampton and not learn about the Emancipation Oak.

Over two years later came another reading. The people of Texas finally heard of the Emancipation Proclamation...

June 19, 1865... the day they heard slavery ended. That day has been recognized — and celebrated — annually as Juneteenth since that’s the day that Union soldiers pulled into Galveston and told all who would listen that the Civil War had ended and enslaved people were free. That’s about two and a half years after Lincoln’s proclamation became law.

"Juneteenth", June 19th... For all who want to celebrate Juneteenth — and I have been in that number — I support you.

We at GreenPolicy360 support the call for and the cause of justice and freedom.

Celebrating Freedom & Resilience

Remembering a Great Oak Tree of the South

One day in 1863, the members of the Virginia Peninsula’s black community gathered to hear a prayer answered. The Emancipation Oak was the site of the first Southern reading of President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

With limbs over a hundred feet, the Emancipation Oak is designated as one of the 10 Great Trees of the World by the National Geographic Society.

~

The road to social justice is a long, arduous journey, a path that is in no way for those who are unable or unwilling to face adversity and the pain of change.

Let us, here as a movement rises again, look to a 2019 book that deeply examines the fight for social justice in the United States.

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

by Eric Foner

“A history of the Civil War amendments chronicles a revolution in law and moral sensibility.”

- David W. Blight, Yale University, author of the Pulitzer prize–winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom

“How are voter suppression, mass incarceration, and jeopardy to the American-born children of undocumented immigrants possible in the land of the free? Eric Foner brings his masterful knowledge of Reconstruction to illuminate the transformative constitutional amendments following the Civil War, and powerfully conveys the ongoing struggles over their meaning.”

- Martha Minow, 300th Anniversary University Professor, Harvard University, author of In Brown’s Wake: Legacies of America’s Educational Landmark

About the Author

Eric Foner is the author of many award-winning books on the Civil War and Reconstruction, including 'The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery', winner of the Pulitzer Prize. He is Professor Emeritus of History at Columbia University.

Reader Review, History that is timely and essential to know

We shouldn’t forget that the original United States Constitution, for all its brilliance, did explicitly condone the practice of slavery. For example, the “three-fifths compromise” counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of calculating state representation in Congress, while Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1 prohibited Congress from passing laws banning slavery until 1808. Additionally, Article 4, Section 2 states, in essence, that escaped slaves must be returned to their owners in the original state from which they fled.

In other words, the Constitution was far from perfect (luckily, it allowed for its own modification). And that’s why many historians consider the “second founding” during the Reconstruction era to be of equal or greater significance than the founding itself. The Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War saw the passage of three amendments that would forever transform politics in the US, both in terms of civil rights and in the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

In “The Second Founding,” historian and Reconstruction expert Eric Foner tells the story of how these three amendments—the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth—together represent the foundation for the continuing struggle for universal rights. The abolition of slavery, birthright citizenship, equal protection under the laws, universal suffrage, and the Incorporation Doctrine (which forces the states to honor the Bill of Rights) are all the direct or indirect result of these three crucial amendments. And yet the “second founding” remains less well-known among the public than the first.

This book is the remedy for that gap in public knowledge, and is invaluable for understanding not only the Reconstruction era but also the subsequent civil rights movements and the modern conservative attack on equality. Foner shows, for example, how talk of “state rights” has almost always been a cover for blatant discrimination. “State rights” has variously meant the right to enslave, the right to deny the vote to blacks and women, the right to violate the Bill of Rights, and the right to discriminate based on race and gender. As Foner wrote, “Before the war, for example, southern states adopted laws making criticism of slavery a crime without violating the First Amendment since these were state laws and not acts of Congress.” The real danger, in terms of rights violations, has always been greater within the individual states.

This book can also act as a good inoculant against conservative rhetoric that hasn’t changed in at least 156 years. The reader will be amused to find the same state’s rights and reverse discrimination arguments throughout the book. Andrew Johnson, for example, in his opposition to the fourteenth amendment, said, “The distinction of race and color is by the bill made to operate in favor of the colored against the white race.” As Foner wrote, “In the idea that expanding the rights of nonwhites somehow punishes the white majority, the ghost of Andrew Johnson still haunts our discussions of race.”

The underlying message of the book seems to be that any rights granted by the Constitution are worthless if not enforced. Constitutional rights can be ignored, distorted, or narrowly interpreted to deprive certain groups of equal protection and treatment under the law. But if we can’t even recognize when this is happening—and we don’t properly understand what the second founding was trying to accomplish—then we are all powerless to prevent a regression to discriminatory politics under the guise of “state’s rights,” “originalism,” and all the rest.

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Global, National, Local and Personal

Nation by nation, social justice is an ongoing struggle for liberties and rights, respect and understanding

In the United States from the beginning of the nation and passage of the US Constitution with its Bill of Rights, we have witnessed work in progress... in the Courts, in communities, person to person across generations.

GreenPolicy360 speaks of social justice as a global politics. Green politics brings forward a green platform of values and ideas that speak, first and foremost, of a rights agenda. Our GreenPolicy360 focus on rights is a foundation for action. Our belief in an expansive, living rights platform continues -- including civil, human, natural, racial, environmental, indigenous rights...

A foundation of rights, a set of beliefs and values, motivates our action at GreenPolicy360.

Visit actionable GreenPolicy360:

• http://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Topic

• http://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/index.php?title=Special:Categories&offset=&limit=1000

On June 1, 2020, in Washington DC, a peaceful protest was taking place across from the 'White House', the residence of the US president. The protest was part of a nationwide series of events/marches/speeches/gatherings and daily public protests over the tragic death of George Floyd.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests

The head of the US military, in battle fatigues, chose to accompany the US president across to St John's Church, after protestors were cleared away, enabling the president to conduct what was widely described as a "photo op."

Now, thousands upon thousands, millions of stories are being told and actions taken. Social justice is on peoples minds. It is overdue. It is our common responsibility, each of us, to do what we can to make a positive difference in these times.

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https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/03/02/589483471/how-segregation-shapes-fatal-police-shootings

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/17/528822128/the-color-of-law-details-how-u-s-housing-policies-created-segregation

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=O5FBJyqfoLM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcXaOdgwXBU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaPQN0aW47I

https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Redlining

Redlining

https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Redlining

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/long-lost-manuscript-contains-searing-eyewitness-account-tulsa-race-massacre-1921-180959251/

https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/maya-moore-gave-up-more-to-fight-for-social-justice-than-almost-any-athlete/

https://www.commondreams.org/views/2010/04/19/diversity-dead-end-inclusiveness-without-accountability

https://www.pachamama.org/social-justice/social-justice-issues

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The 8 Can't Wait Campaign @ https://8cantwait.org/ has immediate changes that are needed to cut back on the violence in cities across the country. Here are the 8. There are more than 8 needed.

1. Ban chokeholds and strangleholds

2. Require de-escalation

3. Require warning before shooting

4. Require exhausts all alternatives before shooting

5. Duty to intervene

6. Ban shooting at moving vehicles

7. Require use of force continuum

8. Require comprehensive reporting

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Tuesday, June 9, 2020

Memorial for George Floyd

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After the Memorial Service of George Floyd

There's a street in Savannah called River Street. The street is paved and bumpy with paver stones laid there alongside the Savannah River. Few know these days that River Street is slave ship ballast, rocks that slave ships carried in their hold with the slaves. Over the yrs thousands of ships carried European-enslaved Africans, and African rocks -- chert, basalt -- quartz to the Southern city of Savannah, purposefully built on a native American graveyard site by an Englishman named General Oglethorpe.

The Africans had made a stop at Tybee Island, along Lazzaretto Creek, a lazzaretto its called, a quarantine stop. The chained people in the hold were counted, their saleable qualities written in detail on bills of lading and offer, preparing them for sale on River Street.

After they were unloaded, the African men then unloaded the rocks. This gave the slave traders an idea of how they would work in the fields. Then the slaves were chained to metal hooks in stonework along the river. The hooks are still there, tho few know what those rusty hooks in walls alongside River Street in Savannah were for. What people do know is that Savannah is known for being a haunted city. Not just because of all the literature, 'the book' and the movie that came from it, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, and all the hanging moss, the deep humid smells, the whispers in the trees, the talk of spirits roaming still.

My first trip to Savannah told me this was a place where I should be very aware when I walked the streets at night. There are souls wandering still in Savannah. Savannah has lessons to tell us and if we stop and listen, we can hear them.

Stop and Listen

An old friend who used to edit at Roll Call and E&E Environment & Energy sent this to me. A June 9th editorial from his new venture, Maryland Matters.

Maryland does matter, as does its history, up the coast a bit from Georgia and split by pre Civil War Mason-Dixon line. The Province of Maryland saw the slavery line became a reality in 1767. Stones were placed every mile to mark the line between free and slave. Many of these original stones, rocks in the ground where on one side one could be free, in a manner of speaking, and on the other side, one could be owned and enslaved.

Let's look closer at the 'free' side in Maryland. Josh Kurtz and Maryland Matter lays it out for us. It's in the law, law and order of that time with the echoes still with us.

Read it slow, stop and listen to the voices:

https://www.marylandmatters.org/2020/06/09/opinion-some-historical-context-for-the-rage-at-white-control-over-the-black-body/

Tucked between an early wrongful death statute titled “Negligence” and an article governing “Notaries Public,” sits Article 66 of the Maryland Code of 1860. Titled “Negroes,” Article 66 lays out the laws governing black life in the state of Maryland on the eve of the American Civil War across approximately 20 pages.

It is an example of one American state’s most fully formed corpus of law on the Black body. It is also an example of the American legal tradition of sanctioning and incentivizing the killing of black men by white citizens and law enforcement, a legacy reverberating in the recent murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd.

At the core of Article 66 is the impossibility of Black personhood, and this impossibility is achieved, in large part, by establishing a system of White control over the Black body. The article begins with the pronouncement that “Negroes have been held in slavery” in Maryland from its earliest settlement, and that “every owner of such negro is entitled to his service and labor for the life of such negro.” (Article 66, sec. 1).

This makes clear that there is no distinction between slave and Black person (“negro”), and that the power of Whites over Black bodies is perpetual. Later in the document (sec. 42), Article 66 prohibits the freeing of slaves by deed or last will and testament, meaning slaves could not be freed upon the death of their owner. This helped preserve the legal identity of the slave as property rather than person.

It is clear from Article 66 that this legal identity imposed on the Black body was enforced by conscripting White citizens into its enforcement. For example, section 47 required “All sheriffs and constables,” who then would have been White, to arrest any free Black person in the State from outside of Maryland, who were not allowed to enter the state (sec. 44).

But Article 66 also extended that same power to “all other [White] persons” who were also “authorized to arrest any such free negro” (sec. 47). White persons were not only authorized to arrest any free Black person from outside the state, they were entitled to half the $500 fine (in 1860) in the instance they arrested a free Black person for illegally entering Maryland a second time (sec. 44).

Thus, White persons were not only endowed with absolute authority over the bodies of “free” Black persons from outside Maryland, they were economically incentivized to exercise that authority and make White power over the Black body real. This economic incentivizing of the exercise of White power over the Black body is found throughout Article 66. (E.g., sec. 9, 46, 67-68, 70, 73).

Article 66 also encouraged White violence (read: use of force) against Black persons. For example, sec. 72 of Article 66 prohibited free Blacks from owning dogs without a permit, and the permit had to be renewed annually. The same section also authorizes “any person [to] kill any dog kept contrary to this section.”

In other words, any White person, upon the expiration of a Black person’s dog permit, had the legal right to kill that dog solely on that account. This is nothing other than the codification of an act of wanton cruelty against Black persons and families.

The greatest incitement to violence, however, rests in sections 3-11. Section 3 states that, “Any person may arrest any runaway negro, and carry him before a judge or justice.” Further, anyone attempting to do so was granted immunity for any use of force employed in the attempt:

“If any runaway slave shall resist the person who attempts to arrest him, and such slave happens to be slain for refusing to surrender himself, such killing shall be deemed justifiable; and any slave so killed shall be paid for by the State.” (sec. 11).

No other provision of Article 66 better contextualizes the rage currently being felt over the deaths of Black men at the hands of the State and their agents, many often White. How often has “resisting arrest” been used as a justification to murder a Black person? Here is its provenance in American law.

How often have we heard that the killing of a human being was justifiable because she resisted arrest? Here is its provenance in American law.

The Statues 'Honoring the Confederacy'

The memories from the past flow past us, a river of time in the South, the land of the 'Confederacy', the war to keep slavery a fact.

Here in Florida, where your writer resides, the ghosts of the past live in the present. Today, Confederate flags can be seen daily. Driving down the roads are Dixie flags in truck beds and rear windows, often displayed, if the words are said out in the open, by folks who believe still in 'the cause', the Southern cause in the Civil War.

Here in Florida, next to Georgia, not far from Savannah, the memories of slavery remain embedded in the land. Stone monuments to rebel troops, leaders and battlegrounds with places of 'honor' in our cities. Slavery's vestiges are still venerated, displayed and given salutes by some. But this is changing. The flow of time is bringing change, a new era even as those who honor the old ways call for another hurrah, another rebel yell.

But yesterday, June 9th, 2020, the tallest, historic Confederate monument was removed in the dark of night in Florida's largest city -- Jacksonville.

It happened in Hemming Plaza in the center of Jacksonville, the city named after the slayer of Indians, the seventh president of the United States known for slaughtering and removing the Native American tribes remaining in the South and marching them to reservations beyond the Mississippi River.

Andrew Jackson was celebrated for opening up 25 million acres of native peoples land to white settlement, in violation of treaties but there is was -- a slaughter in the name of 'civilization'. Their skin was dark, they had to go. They were 'savages'. They were hated. The Indian wars and white man plagues wiped out millions of the original people. Andrew Jackson led the troops against the Creek tribe. "We shot them like dogs," Davy Crockett is reported as saying in the news reports.

Three tribes had 21 million acres taken by Jackson who proclaimed to the US Congress, “They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race…they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere [before] long disappear.”

The U.S. Army removed 60,000 Indians. The removal and forced march was known as the “Trail of Tears.”

Today, in Andrew Jackson's city, Jacksonville, questions are being asked about how far the mayor who ordered the removal of the towering Hemming granite stone monument to the war for slavery.

What about the other Confederate monuments? Will they be removed too from their places 'of honor' in parks and be removed to museums and places where they will be regarded as historical artifacts with lessons to be learned about American past.

Or will the Jacksonville mayor go another way?

Today it was announced that Jacksonville looks to be the chosen site of the 2020 Republican convention. The US president decided, it's now being reported, that Florida is in, North Carolina is out. The long-planned convention in the Carolinas is being pulled as the North Carolina Governor was unwilling to give the president a demanded full-audience, no restrictions event in contravention to public health care experts warning against the spread of the Coronavirus, Covid-19.

And so it goes.

It used to be said that the powerful, the victors in war, write the history. To an extent, this has been shown to be true over the decades and centuries past.

Yet, there is another river of time, a River Street on which we are all traveling. It flows with its own force, it is a powerful force, moving, rippling, creating waves, eddies, currents.

The dynamic is happening here, today, with George Floyd, with the people rising up and saying 'let us breathe'. These are new times on River Street. We remember the old times. And we're learning.

~

GreenPolicy360

June 10, 2020

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Saturday, June 6, 2020

Hundreds of thousands of people across the United States—and, in stunning displays of solidarity, around the world—poured into the streets Saturday demanding an end to police brutality and racial injustice in the largest day of demonstrations since the killing of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis officers last week.

Enormous and diverse crowds of demonstrators marched in the streets of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Chicago, and other major cities in a striking display of non-violent mass action. Participants in the historic demonstrations voiced hope that the remarkable energy behind the protests can be transformed into a sustained movement for change. (Via Common Dreams)

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The Wars Come Home: Dissent and Discord in the US

Nationwide Demonstrations, a President's Threats

Washington Post / June 3 / Pentagon chief says he does not support the use of active-duty military forces to quell unrest, breaking with Trump

Repurposed from the Battlefields, Transferred to US Law Enforcement Agencies

https://www.strategicdemands.com/the-1033-program-whats-it-for

Morning After Screenshots from DC / On June 2, 2020

https://www.strategicdemands.com/morning-after-screenshots-from-dc/

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June 1 / 'The Photo Op' / An Update & Apology

‘I should not have been there,’ Gen. Milley says of Trump photo op.

The country’s top military official apologized on Thursday for taking part in President Trump’s walk across Lafayette Square for a photo op after authorities used tear gas and rubber bullets to clear the area of peaceful protesters.

“I should not have been there,” Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in a prerecorded video commencement address to National Defense University, reports Helene Cooper. “My presence in that moment and in that environment created a perception of the military involved in domestic politics.”

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