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○ | |||
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION | |||
Formal Statements | |||
1. Public Speeches | |||
2. Letters of opposition or support | |||
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions | |||
4. Signed public statements | |||
5. Declarations of indictment and intention | |||
6. Group or mass petitions | |||
Communications with a Wider Audience | |||
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols | |||
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications | |||
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books | |||
10. Newspapers and journals | |||
11. Records, radio, and television | |||
12. Skywriting and earthwriting | |||
Group Representations | |||
13. Deputations | |||
14. Mock awards | |||
15. Group lobbying | |||
16. Picketing | |||
17. Mock elections | |||
Symbolic Public Acts | |||
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors | |||
19. Wearing of symbols | |||
20. Prayer and worship | |||
21. Delivering symbolic objects | |||
22. Protest disrobings | |||
23. Destruction of own property | |||
24. Symbolic lights | |||
25. Displays of portraits | |||
26. Paint as protest | |||
27. New signs and names | |||
28. Symbolic sounds | |||
29. Symbolic reclamations | |||
30. Rude gestures | |||
Pressures on Individuals | |||
31. “Haunting” officials | |||
32. Taunting officials | |||
33. Fraternization | |||
34. Vigils | |||
Drama and Music | |||
35. Humorous skits and pranks | |||
36. Performances of plays and music | |||
37. Singing | |||
Processions | |||
38. Marches | |||
39. Parades | |||
40. Religious processions | |||
41. Pilgrimages | |||
42. Motorcades | |||
Honoring the Dead | |||
43. Political mourning | |||
44. Mock funerals | |||
45. Demonstrative funerals | |||
46. Homage at burial places | |||
Public Assemblies | |||
47. Assemblies of protest or support | |||
48. Protest meetings | |||
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest | |||
50. Teach-ins | |||
Withdrawal and Renunciation | |||
51. Walk-outs | |||
52. Silence | |||
53. Renouncing honors | |||
54. Turning one’s back | |||
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION | |||
Ostracism of Persons | |||
55. Social boycott | |||
56. Selective social boycott | |||
57. Lysistratic nonaction | |||
58. Excommunication | |||
59. Interdict | |||
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions | |||
60. Suspension of social and sports activities | |||
61. Boycott of social affairs | |||
62. Student strike | |||
63. Social disobedience | |||
64. Withdrawal from social institutions | |||
Withdrawal from the Social System | |||
65. Stay-at-home | |||
66. Total personal noncooperation | |||
67. “Flight” of workers | |||
68. Sanctuary | |||
69. Collective disappearance | |||
70. Protest emigration (hijrat) | |||
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS | |||
Actions by Consumers | |||
71. Consumers’ boycott | |||
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods | |||
73. Policy of austerity | |||
74. Rent withholding | |||
75. Refusal to rent | |||
76. National consumers’ boycott | |||
77. International consumers’ boycott | |||
Action by Workers and Producers | |||
78. Workmen’s boycott | |||
79. Producers’ boycott | |||
Action by Middlemen | |||
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott | |||
Action by Owners and Management | |||
81. Traders’ boycott | |||
82. Refusal to let or sell property | |||
83. Lockout | |||
84. Refusal of industrial assistance | |||
85. Merchants’ “general strike” | |||
Action by Holders of Financial Resources | |||
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits | |||
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments | |||
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest | |||
89. Severance of funds and credit | |||
90. Revenue refusal | |||
91. Refusal of a government’s money | |||
Action by Governments | |||
92. Domestic embargo | |||
93. Blacklisting of traders | |||
94. International sellers’ embargo | |||
95. International buyers’ embargo | |||
96. International trade embargo | |||
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE | |||
Symbolic Strikes | |||
97. Protest strike | |||
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike) | |||
Agricultural Strikes | |||
99. Peasant strike | |||
100. Farm Workers’ strike | |||
Strikes by Special Groups | |||
101. Refusal of impressed labor | |||
102. Prisoners’ strike | |||
103. Craft strike | |||
104. Professional strike | |||
Ordinary Industrial Strikes | |||
105. Establishment strike | |||
106. Industry strike | |||
107. Sympathetic strike | |||
Restricted Strikes | |||
108. Detailed strike | |||
109. Bumper strike | |||
110. Slowdown strike | |||
111. Working-to-rule strike | |||
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in) | |||
113. Strike by resignation | |||
114. Limited strike | |||
115. Selective strike | |||
Multi-Industry Strikes | |||
116. Generalized strike | |||
117. General strike | |||
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures | |||
118. Hartal | |||
119. Economic shutdown | |||
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION | |||
Rejection of Authority | |||
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance | |||
121. Refusal of public support | |||
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance | |||
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government | |||
123. Boycott of legislative bodies | |||
124. Boycott of elections | |||
125. Boycott of government employment and positions | |||
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies | |||
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions | |||
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations | |||
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents | |||
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks | |||
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials | |||
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions | |||
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience | |||
133. Reluctant and slow compliance | |||
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision | |||
135. Popular nonobedience | |||
136. Disguised disobedience | |||
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse | |||
138. Sitdown | |||
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation | |||
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities | |||
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws | |||
Action by Government Personnel | |||
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides | |||
143. Blocking of lines of command and information | |||
144. Stalling and obstruction | |||
145. General administrative noncooperation | |||
146. Judicial noncooperation | |||
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents | |||
148. Mutiny | |||
Domestic Governmental Action | |||
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays | |||
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units | |||
International Governmental Action | |||
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations | |||
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events | |||
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition | |||
154. Severance of diplomatic relations | |||
155. Withdrawal from international organizations | |||
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies | |||
157. Expulsion from international organizations | |||
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION | |||
Psychological Intervention | |||
158. Self-exposure to the elements | |||
159. The fast | |||
:a) Fast of moral pressure | |||
:b) Hunger strike | |||
:c) Satyagrahic fast | |||
160. Reverse trial | |||
161. Nonviolent harassment | |||
Physical Intervention | |||
162. Sit-in | |||
163. Stand-in | |||
164. Ride-in | |||
165. Wade-in | |||
166. Mill-in | |||
167. Pray-in | |||
168. Nonviolent raids | |||
169. Nonviolent air raids | |||
170. Nonviolent invasion | |||
171. Nonviolent interjection | |||
172. Nonviolent obstruction | |||
173. Nonviolent occupation | |||
Social Intervention | |||
174. Establishing new social patterns | |||
175. Overloading of facilities | |||
176. Stall-in | |||
177. Speak-in | |||
178. Guerrilla theater | |||
179. Alternative social institutions | |||
180. Alternative communication system | |||
Economic Intervention | |||
181. Reverse strike | |||
182. Stay-in strike | |||
183. Nonviolent land seizure | |||
184. Defiance of blockades | |||
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting | |||
186. Preclusive purchasing | |||
187. Seizure of assets | |||
188. Dumping | |||
189. Selective patronage | |||
190. Alternative markets | |||
191. Alternative transportation systems | |||
192. Alternative economic institutions | |||
Political Intervention | |||
193. Overloading of administrative systems | |||
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents | |||
195. Seeking imprisonment | |||
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws | |||
197. Work-on without collaboration | |||
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government | |||
~ | |||
''Without doubt, a large number of additional methods have already been used but have not been classified, and a multitude of additional methods will be invented in the future that have the characteristics of the three classes of methods: nonviolent protest and persuasion, noncooperation and nonviolent intervention.'' | |||
''It must be clearly understood that the greatest effectiveness is possible when individual methods to be used are selected to implement the previously adopted strategy. It is necessary to know what kind of pressures are to be used before one chooses the precise forms of action that will best apply those pressures.'' | |||
○ | ○ | ||
Revision as of 20:51, 4 June 2020
198 Methods of Nonviolent Action
198 Methods of Nonviolent Action (Listed)
Practitioners of nonviolent struggle have an entire arsenal of “nonviolent weapons” at their disposal. Listed below are 198 of them, classified into three broad categories: nonviolent protest and persuasion, noncooperation (social, economic, and political), and nonviolent intervention.
A description and historical examples of each can be found in volume two of The Politics of Nonviolent Action, by Gene Sharp
• https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Sharp
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politics_of_Nonviolent_Action
Politics of Nonviolent Action, Books One and Two
• https://www.amazon.com/Politics-Nonviolent-Action-Part-Two/dp/0875580718
• https://www.amazon.com/Power-Struggle-Politics-Nonviolent-Action/dp/087558070X
○
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
Formal Statements
1. Public Speeches
2. Letters of opposition or support
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
4. Signed public statements
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
6. Group or mass petitions
Communications with a Wider Audience
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
10. Newspapers and journals
11. Records, radio, and television
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
Group Representations
13. Deputations
14. Mock awards
15. Group lobbying
16. Picketing
17. Mock elections
Symbolic Public Acts
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
19. Wearing of symbols
20. Prayer and worship
21. Delivering symbolic objects
22. Protest disrobings
23. Destruction of own property
24. Symbolic lights
25. Displays of portraits
26. Paint as protest
27. New signs and names
28. Symbolic sounds
29. Symbolic reclamations
30. Rude gestures
Pressures on Individuals
31. “Haunting” officials
32. Taunting officials
33. Fraternization
34. Vigils
Drama and Music
35. Humorous skits and pranks
36. Performances of plays and music
37. Singing
Processions
38. Marches
39. Parades
40. Religious processions
41. Pilgrimages
42. Motorcades
Honoring the Dead
43. Political mourning
44. Mock funerals
45. Demonstrative funerals
46. Homage at burial places
Public Assemblies
47. Assemblies of protest or support
48. Protest meetings
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
50. Teach-ins
Withdrawal and Renunciation
51. Walk-outs
52. Silence
53. Renouncing honors
54. Turning one’s back
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
Ostracism of Persons
55. Social boycott
56. Selective social boycott
57. Lysistratic nonaction
58. Excommunication
59. Interdict
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
61. Boycott of social affairs
62. Student strike
63. Social disobedience
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
Withdrawal from the Social System
65. Stay-at-home
66. Total personal noncooperation
67. “Flight” of workers
68. Sanctuary
69. Collective disappearance
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
Actions by Consumers
71. Consumers’ boycott
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
73. Policy of austerity
74. Rent withholding
75. Refusal to rent
76. National consumers’ boycott
77. International consumers’ boycott
Action by Workers and Producers
78. Workmen’s boycott
79. Producers’ boycott
Action by Middlemen
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
Action by Owners and Management
81. Traders’ boycott
82. Refusal to let or sell property
83. Lockout
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
89. Severance of funds and credit
90. Revenue refusal
91. Refusal of a government’s money
Action by Governments
92. Domestic embargo
93. Blacklisting of traders
94. International sellers’ embargo
95. International buyers’ embargo
96. International trade embargo
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
Symbolic Strikes
97. Protest strike
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
Agricultural Strikes
99. Peasant strike
100. Farm Workers’ strike
Strikes by Special Groups
101. Refusal of impressed labor
102. Prisoners’ strike
103. Craft strike
104. Professional strike
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
105. Establishment strike
106. Industry strike
107. Sympathetic strike
Restricted Strikes
108. Detailed strike
109. Bumper strike
110. Slowdown strike
111. Working-to-rule strike
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
113. Strike by resignation
114. Limited strike
115. Selective strike
Multi-Industry Strikes
116. Generalized strike
117. General strike
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
118. Hartal
119. Economic shutdown
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
Rejection of Authority
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
121. Refusal of public support
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
124. Boycott of elections
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
135. Popular nonobedience
136. Disguised disobedience
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
138. Sitdown
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
Action by Government Personnel
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
144. Stalling and obstruction
145. General administrative noncooperation
146. Judicial noncooperation
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
148. Mutiny
Domestic Governmental Action
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
International Governmental Action
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
157. Expulsion from international organizations
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
Psychological Intervention
158. Self-exposure to the elements
159. The fast
- a) Fast of moral pressure
- b) Hunger strike
- c) Satyagrahic fast
160. Reverse trial
161. Nonviolent harassment
Physical Intervention
162. Sit-in
163. Stand-in
164. Ride-in
165. Wade-in
166. Mill-in
167. Pray-in
168. Nonviolent raids
169. Nonviolent air raids
170. Nonviolent invasion
171. Nonviolent interjection
172. Nonviolent obstruction
173. Nonviolent occupation
Social Intervention
174. Establishing new social patterns
175. Overloading of facilities
176. Stall-in
177. Speak-in
178. Guerrilla theater
179. Alternative social institutions
180. Alternative communication system
Economic Intervention
181. Reverse strike
182. Stay-in strike
183. Nonviolent land seizure
184. Defiance of blockades
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
186. Preclusive purchasing
187. Seizure of assets
188. Dumping
189. Selective patronage
190. Alternative markets
191. Alternative transportation systems
192. Alternative economic institutions
Political Intervention
193. Overloading of administrative systems
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
195. Seeking imprisonment
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
197. Work-on without collaboration
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
~
Without doubt, a large number of additional methods have already been used but have not been classified, and a multitude of additional methods will be invented in the future that have the characteristics of the three classes of methods: nonviolent protest and persuasion, noncooperation and nonviolent intervention.
It must be clearly understood that the greatest effectiveness is possible when individual methods to be used are selected to implement the previously adopted strategy. It is necessary to know what kind of pressures are to be used before one chooses the precise forms of action that will best apply those pressures.
○
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