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'''Environmental Impact of the U.S. Food System'''
'''Environmental Impact of the U.S. Food System'''
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Environmental Impact of the US Food System
Environmental Impact of the US Food System


1. The Environmental Impact of the US Food System By Rob Abrams For ECO-177
1. The Environmental Impact of the US Food System  
:By Rob Abrams  


2. Outline I. Subsides II. Monoculture Soil depletion and erosion Water contamination III. GMOs Environmental benefits Environmental risks IV. Greenhouse gas emissions V. What can we do?
2. Outline  
:I. Subsides  
:II. Monoculture Soil depletion and erosion Water contamination  
:III. GMOs Environmental benefits Environmental risks  
:IV. Greenhouse gas emissions  
:V. What can we do?


3. SUBSIDIES
3 / 4. SUBSIDIES • Farm Bill created during the Great Depression • Designed to compensate farmers during a period of excess supply • Renewed about every 5 years under various names • Current farm bill includes food assistance programs


4. SUBSIDIES • Farm Bill created during the Great Depression • Designed to compensate farmers during a period of excess supply • Renewed about every 5 years under various names • Current farm bill includes food assistance programs
5. Current Bill (2014 – 2023) • http://www.washingtonpost.com/blo gs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/28/the- 950-billion-farm-bill-in-one-chart/


5. Current Bill (2014 – 2023) • As you can see, most of the modern farm bill is based around food assistance. But that’s another presentation… http://www.washingtonpost.com/blo gs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/28/the- 950-billion-farm-bill-in-one-chart/
6. Farm Bill • 10% of farms received 75% of subsidies  • Top subsidized crops between 1995- 2012 are : • Corn: $84.4 billion • Wheat: $35.5 billion • Cotton: $32.8 billion • Soybean: 27.8 billion • (Note the lack of vegetables…)
 
6. Farm Bill • 10% of farms received 75% of subsidies1 • Top subsidized crops between1995- 2012 are1 : • Corn: $84.4 billion • Wheat: $35.5 billion • Cotton: $32.8 billion • Soybean: 27.8 billion • (Note the lack of vegetables. But that’s another presentation…)


7. Farm Bill • Farm Bill subsidies have made production of those crops listed on the previous slide extremely profitable • This encourages large corporate farms to grow vast quantities of the same crops on the same land year after year in a practice called monocropping or monoculture.
7. Farm Bill • Farm Bill subsidies have made production of those crops listed on the previous slide extremely profitable • This encourages large corporate farms to grow vast quantities of the same crops on the same land year after year in a practice called monocropping or monoculture.
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9. Monoculture • Monoculture relies on massive amounts of artificial fertilizers to replenish soil year after year • More pesticides and herbicides are also required than “traditional” farming techniques as monoculture fields are not as resilient • Leaves soil susceptible to erosion • Biodiversity of the surrounding ecosystem can be severely affected
9. Monoculture • Monoculture relies on massive amounts of artificial fertilizers to replenish soil year after year • More pesticides and herbicides are also required than “traditional” farming techniques as monoculture fields are not as resilient • Leaves soil susceptible to erosion • Biodiversity of the surrounding ecosystem can be severely affected


10. MONOCULTURE CONSEQUENCES Soil Depletion and Erosion http://www-tc.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/media/photos/s4383-lg.jpg
10. MONOCULTURE CONSEQUENCES Soil Depletion and Erosion • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture • [notes-add] http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/genetic-engineering/expanding-monoculture.html#.VkIv5b85SHg • http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/food-system-monocultures-gm-un-diversity-day


11. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Corn, wheat, and soybean monocultures require fertilizer, especially nitrogen because they are not rotated with nitrogen-fixing crops • 40% of all energy used in agriculture goes towards fertilizer and pesticide production2 • Production and mining of nitrogen fertilizer results in a significant amount of greenhouse gas release 3
11. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Corn, wheat, and soybean monocultures require fertilizer, especially nitrogen because they are not rotated with nitrogen-fixing crops • 40% of all energy used in agriculture goes towards fertilizer and pesticide production2 • Production and mining of nitrogen fertilizer results in a significant amount of greenhouse gas release  


12. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Every year worldwide, about 12 billion hectares of farmable land is overused and abandoned because of unsustainable farming practices4 • In 2007, 1.73 billion tons of topsoil was lost due to erosion in the US7 • This amounts to 200,000 tons per hour
12. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Every year worldwide, about 12 billion hectares of farmable land is overused and abandoned because of unsustainable farming practices4 • In 2007, 1.73 billion tons of topsoil was lost due to erosion in the US7 • This amounts to 200,000 tons per hour
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13. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Excess artificial fertilizers can result in trace mineral depletion in soil • This causes the land to produce crops that are lacking in minerals such as zinc, copper and manganese
13. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Excess artificial fertilizers can result in trace mineral depletion in soil • This causes the land to produce crops that are lacking in minerals such as zinc, copper and manganese


14. Soil Depletion and Erosion • It is estimated that annually, 2.5 billion dollars worth of excess fertilizer (that is, more than the crops could ever use) is applied every year5 • All of these excess nutrients have to go somewhere…
14. Soil Depletion and Erosion • It is estimated that annually, 2.5 billion dollars worth of excess fertilizer (that is, more than the crops could ever use) is applied every year • All of these excess nutrients have to go somewhere…


15. Soil Depletion and Erosion •is estimated that annually, 2.5 billion dollars worth of excess fertilizer (that is, more than the crops could ever use) is applied every year5 • All of these excess nutrients have to go somewhere… Nitrogen runoff http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/ecosystems/2011-EDF-NitrogenRunoff%23310.jpg
15. Nitrogen runoff  
 
http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/ecosystems/2011-EDF-NitrogenRunoff%23310.jpg


16. Eutrophication • Nutrients from artificial fertilizers find their way into fresh water systems and oceans as well as ground water • Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems lead to eutrophication • Eutrophication occurs when algae and plankton reproduce due to nutrient abundance. The decomposition of the dead organisms leads to the depletion of oxygen in the water
16. Eutrophication • Nutrients from artificial fertilizers find their way into fresh water systems and oceans as well as ground water • Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems lead to eutrophication • Eutrophication occurs when algae and plankton reproduce due to nutrient abundance. The decomposition of the dead organisms leads to the depletion of oxygen in the water


17. Eutrophication • Algae blooms are a common indicator of eutrophication http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg
17. Eutrophication • Algae blooms are a common indicator of eutrophication  
 
http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg
 
18. Eutrophication farm runoff has lead to the deterioration of many fisheries • For example, runoff from farms in the Mississippi River watershed has led to a “dead zone” in Gulf of Mexico that is about 5,600 square miles in size
 
19. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
 
http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg
 
20. Pesticide Runoff • Excess pesticides also find their way into aquatic ecosystems • A USDA study found that 80% of urban streams and 50% of agricultural streams had concentrations of at least one pesticide above the USDA’s water quality benchmark for aquatic life
 
21. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
 
http://docakilah.files.w ordpress.com/2011/12/ genetically-modified.jpg
 
22. GMOs • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been modified using genetic engineering • Advantages of GMOs are resistance to pests and shorter growing times • ''There is no scientific evidence that any currently produced genetically modified crops are any more dangerous to human health than normal crops [Disputed - note increasing international bans/restrictions on GMO]''


18. Eutrophication • Eutrophication for farm runoff has lead to the deterioration of many fisheries • For example, runoff from farms in the Mississippi River watershed has led to a “dead zone” in Gulf of Mexico that is about 5,600 square miles in size 5
23. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Benefits


19. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg
http://www.theredmountainpost.com/org anic-farmers-report-increasing-gmo- contamination-with-corn-2-2235/


20. Pesticide Runoff • Excess pesticides also find their way into aquatic ecosystems • A USDA study found that 80% of urban streams and 50% of agricultural streams had concentrations of at least one pesticide above the USDA’s water quality benchmark for aquatic life 6 • Contamination levels dangerous to human health is relatively rare, luckily 6
24. GMOs Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide spraying by 2.8 billion kg globally from 1996 to 2006


21. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS http://docakilah.files.w ordpress.com/2011/12/ genetically-modified.jpg
25. GMOs Environmental Benefits, Continued • Growth of GMO cotton has been documented to cause an increase in biodiversity and beneficial insect life in both the US and Australia (due to lower herbicide and pesticide use)


22. GMOs • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been modified using genetic engineering • Advantages of GMOs are resistance to pests and shorter growing times • ''There is no scientific evidence that any currently produced genetically modified crops are any more dangerous to human health than normal crops 8 [Disputed]''
26. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Risks


23. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Benefits http://www.theredmountainpost.com/org anic-farmers-report-increasing-gmo- contamination-with-corn-2-2235/
http://www.realfoodhouston.com/2011/12/07/double-gm- whammy-for-the-monarch-butterfly/ /


24. GMOs Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide spraying by 2.8 billion kg globally from 1996 to 20069 • This has resulted in a 15% reduction of environmental impact associated with pesticides and herbicides 9 • Significantly reduced greenhouse gas emission on farms where used •Equivalent to taking 6.65 million cars off the road 9
27. GMOs Environmental Risks • Outcrossing is the breeding of a domestic crop with a related species • GMO crops may create herbicide resistant weeds through outcrossing • This has not been a problem yet, but needs to be monitored on a case-by-case basis as new GMOs are introduced


25. GMOs Environmental Benefits, Continued • Growth of GMO cotton has been documented to cause an increase in biodiversity and beneficial insect life in both the US and Australia (due to lower herbicide and pesticide use). 10
28. GMOs Environmental Risks, Continued • In a laboratory environment, insect resistant corn pollen negatively affected monarch butterfly larvae • Insect resistance to GMOs is always a concern, as it is with conventional pesticides


26. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Risks http://www.realfoodhouston.com/2011/12/07/double-gm- whammy-for-the-monarch-butterfly/ /
29. Greenhouse Gas Emissions


27. GMOs Environmental Risks • Outcrossing is the breeding of a domestic crop with a related species • GMO crops may create herbicide resistant weeds through outcrossing • This has not been a problem yet, but needs to be monitored on a case-by-case basis as new GMOs are introduced 11
http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/01/31/ocean-spray-shipping-emissions


28. GMOs Environmental Risks, Continued • In a laboratory environment, insect resistant corn pollen negatively affected monarch butterfly larvae • Butterfly populations in the wild located near GMO corn fields have not been shown to be affected though 12 • Insect resistance to GMOs is always a concern, as it is with conventional pesticides
30. Greenhouse Gas Emissions The current US food system requires massive amounts of fossil fuel input to be maintained compared to how much food energy is actually produced


29. Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/01/31/ocean-spray-shipping-emissions
http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS01-06.pdf


30. Greenhouse Gas Emissions The current US food system requires massive amounts of fossil fuel input to be maintained compared to how much food energy is actually produced http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS01-06.pdf
31. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Shipping from large monoculture farms contributes a large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere • On average, the typical American meal contains food from 5 different countries13 • It is estimated that the average America meal travels 1500 miles to get from farm to plate • For every 1 kcal of food consumed, 10 kcal of fossil fuel energy is used


31. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Shipping from large monoculture farms contributes a large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere • On average, the typical American meal contains food from 5 different countries13 • It is estimated that the average America meal travels 1500 miles to get from farm to plate14 • For every 1kcal of food consumed, 10kcal of fossil fuel energy is used14
32. Greenhouse Gas Emissions  


32. Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_ doc/CSS01-06.pdf
http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_ doc/CSS01-06.pdf


33. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • N2O is another greenhouse gas. It is created by microbial processes in heavily fertilized fields • Corn, the most heavily subsidized crop, is also one of the most nitrogen dependent crops15 • N2O emissions from fertilizer accounts for 1.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet15
33. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • N2O is another greenhouse gas. It is created by microbial processes in heavily fertilized fields • Corn, the most heavily subsidized crop, is also one of the most nitrogen dependent crops • N2O emissions from fertilizer accounts for 1.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet


34. What Can We Do? http://www.cuesa.org/articl e/new-vendor-lonely- mountain-farm
34. What Can We Do? http://www.cuesa.org/articl e/new-vendor-lonely- mountain-farm


35. What Can We Do? • Eat local. Reduce the amount of fuel required to get food to you • Buy organic. • Not because its better for you, but because organic farming practices require less herbicide and pesticides (in theory) and therefore are better for the environment. • Fossil fuel use is also 30% less on organic farms than on conventional farms16
35. What Can We Do? • Eat local. Reduce the amount of fuel required to get food to you • Buy organic. • Not because its better for you, but because organic farming practices require less herbicide and pesticides (in theory) and therefore are better for the environment. • Fossil fuel use is also 30% less on organic farms than on conventional farms


36. What Can We Do? • Buy organic, continued • Crop rotation instead of using massive amounts of fertilizer reduces water pollution and prevents soil erosion15 • The more demand there is for organic produce, the more the big producers will begin to adopt organic farming practices on a large scale.
36. What Can We Do? • Buy organic, continued • Crop rotation instead of using massive amounts of fertilizer reduces water pollution and prevents soil erosion • The more demand there is for organic produce, the more the big producers will begin to adopt organic farming practices on a large scale.


37. References 1. Environmental Working Group. (2014). EWG Farm Subsidies: United States Summary Information. http://farm.ewg.org/region.php?fips=000000 2. Heller, M. and Keoleian, G. (2000). Life cycle-based sustainability indicators for assessment of the US food system. University of Michigan Center or Sustainable Systems, CSS00-04. 3. Sam Wood and Annette Cowie (2004). A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy. 4. Lal, R., and Stewart, B. (1990). Soil Degradation. Springer-Verlag, New York. 5. Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities. Washington (DC): National Academies Press 6. Gilliom, R., Barbash, J., Crawford, C., Hamiliton, P., Martin, J., Nakagaki, N., Nowell, L., Scott, J., Stackelberg, P., Thelin, G., and Wolock, D. (2007). Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001. USGS Circular 1291. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/ 7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. (2009). 2007 National Resource Survey. 8. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). "Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers. http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels- could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm 9. Barfoot, P., & Brookes, G. (2007). Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects, 1996-2006. AgBioForum, 11(1), 21-38. http://www.agbioforum.org/v11n1/v11n1a03-brookes.htm 10. Carpenter, J, A Felsot, T Goode, M Hammig, D Onstad and S Sankula. (2002). Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn and cotton crops. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 11. Government of Canada. (1994). Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits. Dir. 9408, Dec. 16, 1994. Plant Products Division, Plant Industry Directorate, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. 12. Sear, M, RL Helmich, DE Stanley-Horn, KS Obenhauser, JM Pleasants, HR Matilla, BD Siegfried and GP Dively. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly. PNAS 98(21):11937-11942 13. National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Food Miles: How far your food travels has serious consequences to your health and the environment. http://food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf 14. CUESA. (2014). How far does your food travel to get to your plate? http://www.cuesa.org/learn/how-far-does-your-food-travel-get- your-plate 15. Iowa State University.(2008). Global warming – agriculture’s impact on greenhohttp://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/others/TakApr08.htmluse gas emissions. 16. Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., and Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience(55)7: 573-582. http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/7/573.full
37. References 1. Environmental Working Group. (2014). EWG Farm Subsidies: United States Summary Information. http://farm.ewg.org/region.php?fips=000000 2. Heller, M. and Keoleian, G. (2000). Life cycle-based sustainability indicators for assessment of the US food system. University of Michigan Center or Sustainable Systems, CSS00-04. 3. Sam Wood and Annette Cowie (2004). A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy. 4. Lal, R., and Stewart, B. (1990). Soil Degradation. Springer-Verlag, New York. 5. Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities. Washington (DC): National Academies Press 6. Gilliom, R., Barbash, J., Crawford, C., Hamiliton, P., Martin, J., Nakagaki, N., Nowell, L., Scott, J., Stackelberg, P., Thelin, G., and Wolock, D. (2007). Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001. USGS Circular 1291. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/ 7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. (2009). 2007 National Resource Survey. 8. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). "Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers. http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels- could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm 9. Barfoot, P., & Brookes, G. (2007). Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects, 1996-2006. AgBioForum, 11(1), 21-38. http://www.agbioforum.org/v11n1/v11n1a03-brookes.htm 10. Carpenter, J, A Felsot, T Goode, M Hammig, D Onstad and S Sankula. (2002). Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn and cotton crops. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 11. Government of Canada. (1994). Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits. Dir. 9408, Dec. 16, 1994. Plant Products Division, Plant Industry Directorate, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. 12. Sear, M, RL Helmich, DE Stanley-Horn, KS Obenhauser, JM Pleasants, HR Matilla, BD Siegfried and GP Dively. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly. PNAS 98(21):11937-11942 13. National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Food Miles: How far your food travels has serious consequences to your health and the environment. http://food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf 14. CUESA. (2014). How far does your food travel to get to your plate? http://www.cuesa.org/learn/how-far-does-your-food-travel-get- your-plate 15. Iowa State University.(2008). Global warming – agriculture’s impact on greenhohttp://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/others/TakApr08.htmluse gas emissions. 16. Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., and Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience(55)7: 573-582. http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/7/573.full

Latest revision as of 22:00, 14 April 2019

<addthis />

Featured.png


Environmental Impact of the U.S. Food System

http://www.slideshare.net/robabrams/environmental-impact-of-the-us-food-system


Larger Farms vs Smaller Farms (US)

http://grist.org/food/america-has-fewer-and-larger-farms-heres-why-that-matters/

http://grist.org/food/these-charts-show-why-corn-is-king/

Cost of Food Monopolies

__________________________________________


Environmental Impact of the US Food System

1. The Environmental Impact of the US Food System

By Rob Abrams

2. Outline

I. Subsides
II. Monoculture Soil depletion and erosion Water contamination
III. GMOs Environmental benefits Environmental risks
IV. Greenhouse gas emissions
V. What can we do?

3 / 4. SUBSIDIES • Farm Bill created during the Great Depression • Designed to compensate farmers during a period of excess supply • Renewed about every 5 years under various names • Current farm bill includes food assistance programs

5. Current Bill (2014 – 2023) • http://www.washingtonpost.com/blo gs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/28/the- 950-billion-farm-bill-in-one-chart/

6. Farm Bill • 10% of farms received 75% of subsidies • Top subsidized crops between 1995- 2012 are : • Corn: $84.4 billion • Wheat: $35.5 billion • Cotton: $32.8 billion • Soybean: 27.8 billion • (Note the lack of vegetables…)

7. Farm Bill • Farm Bill subsidies have made production of those crops listed on the previous slide extremely profitable • This encourages large corporate farms to grow vast quantities of the same crops on the same land year after year in a practice called monocropping or monoculture.

8. MONOCULTURE

9. Monoculture • Monoculture relies on massive amounts of artificial fertilizers to replenish soil year after year • More pesticides and herbicides are also required than “traditional” farming techniques as monoculture fields are not as resilient • Leaves soil susceptible to erosion • Biodiversity of the surrounding ecosystem can be severely affected

10. MONOCULTURE CONSEQUENCES Soil Depletion and Erosion • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture • [notes-add] http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/genetic-engineering/expanding-monoculture.html#.VkIv5b85SHg • http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/food-system-monocultures-gm-un-diversity-day

11. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Corn, wheat, and soybean monocultures require fertilizer, especially nitrogen because they are not rotated with nitrogen-fixing crops • 40% of all energy used in agriculture goes towards fertilizer and pesticide production2 • Production and mining of nitrogen fertilizer results in a significant amount of greenhouse gas release

12. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Every year worldwide, about 12 billion hectares of farmable land is overused and abandoned because of unsustainable farming practices4 • In 2007, 1.73 billion tons of topsoil was lost due to erosion in the US7 • This amounts to 200,000 tons per hour

13. Soil Depletion and Erosion • Excess artificial fertilizers can result in trace mineral depletion in soil • This causes the land to produce crops that are lacking in minerals such as zinc, copper and manganese

14. Soil Depletion and Erosion • It is estimated that annually, 2.5 billion dollars worth of excess fertilizer (that is, more than the crops could ever use) is applied every year • All of these excess nutrients have to go somewhere…

15. Nitrogen runoff

http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/ecosystems/2011-EDF-NitrogenRunoff%23310.jpg

16. Eutrophication • Nutrients from artificial fertilizers find their way into fresh water systems and oceans as well as ground water • Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems lead to eutrophication • Eutrophication occurs when algae and plankton reproduce due to nutrient abundance. The decomposition of the dead organisms leads to the depletion of oxygen in the water

17. Eutrophication • Algae blooms are a common indicator of eutrophication

http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg

18. Eutrophication farm runoff has lead to the deterioration of many fisheries • For example, runoff from farms in the Mississippi River watershed has led to a “dead zone” in Gulf of Mexico that is about 5,600 square miles in size

19. Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone

http://www.nysun.com/pics/5183.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg

20. Pesticide Runoff • Excess pesticides also find their way into aquatic ecosystems • A USDA study found that 80% of urban streams and 50% of agricultural streams had concentrations of at least one pesticide above the USDA’s water quality benchmark for aquatic life

21. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

http://docakilah.files.w ordpress.com/2011/12/ genetically-modified.jpg

22. GMOs • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been modified using genetic engineering • Advantages of GMOs are resistance to pests and shorter growing times • There is no scientific evidence that any currently produced genetically modified crops are any more dangerous to human health than normal crops [Disputed - note increasing international bans/restrictions on GMO]

23. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Benefits

http://www.theredmountainpost.com/org anic-farmers-report-increasing-gmo- contamination-with-corn-2-2235/

24. GMOs Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide spraying by 2.8 billion kg globally from 1996 to 2006

25. GMOs Environmental Benefits, Continued • Growth of GMO cotton has been documented to cause an increase in biodiversity and beneficial insect life in both the US and Australia (due to lower herbicide and pesticide use)

26. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Environmental Risks

http://www.realfoodhouston.com/2011/12/07/double-gm- whammy-for-the-monarch-butterfly/ /

27. GMOs Environmental Risks • Outcrossing is the breeding of a domestic crop with a related species • GMO crops may create herbicide resistant weeds through outcrossing • This has not been a problem yet, but needs to be monitored on a case-by-case basis as new GMOs are introduced

28. GMOs Environmental Risks, Continued • In a laboratory environment, insect resistant corn pollen negatively affected monarch butterfly larvae • Insect resistance to GMOs is always a concern, as it is with conventional pesticides

29. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/01/31/ocean-spray-shipping-emissions

30. Greenhouse Gas Emissions The current US food system requires massive amounts of fossil fuel input to be maintained compared to how much food energy is actually produced

http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS01-06.pdf

31. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Shipping from large monoculture farms contributes a large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere • On average, the typical American meal contains food from 5 different countries13 • It is estimated that the average America meal travels 1500 miles to get from farm to plate • For every 1 kcal of food consumed, 10 kcal of fossil fuel energy is used

32. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_ doc/CSS01-06.pdf

33. Greenhouse Gas Emissions • N2O is another greenhouse gas. It is created by microbial processes in heavily fertilized fields • Corn, the most heavily subsidized crop, is also one of the most nitrogen dependent crops • N2O emissions from fertilizer accounts for 1.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet

34. What Can We Do? http://www.cuesa.org/articl e/new-vendor-lonely- mountain-farm

35. What Can We Do? • Eat local. Reduce the amount of fuel required to get food to you • Buy organic. • Not because its better for you, but because organic farming practices require less herbicide and pesticides (in theory) and therefore are better for the environment. • Fossil fuel use is also 30% less on organic farms than on conventional farms

36. What Can We Do? • Buy organic, continued • Crop rotation instead of using massive amounts of fertilizer reduces water pollution and prevents soil erosion • The more demand there is for organic produce, the more the big producers will begin to adopt organic farming practices on a large scale.

37. References 1. Environmental Working Group. (2014). EWG Farm Subsidies: United States Summary Information. http://farm.ewg.org/region.php?fips=000000 2. Heller, M. and Keoleian, G. (2000). Life cycle-based sustainability indicators for assessment of the US food system. University of Michigan Center or Sustainable Systems, CSS00-04. 3. Sam Wood and Annette Cowie (2004). A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy. 4. Lal, R., and Stewart, B. (1990). Soil Degradation. Springer-Verlag, New York. 5. Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities. Washington (DC): National Academies Press 6. Gilliom, R., Barbash, J., Crawford, C., Hamiliton, P., Martin, J., Nakagaki, N., Nowell, L., Scott, J., Stackelberg, P., Thelin, G., and Wolock, D. (2007). Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001. USGS Circular 1291. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/ 7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. (2009). 2007 National Resource Survey. 8. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). "Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers. http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels- could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm 9. Barfoot, P., & Brookes, G. (2007). Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects, 1996-2006. AgBioForum, 11(1), 21-38. http://www.agbioforum.org/v11n1/v11n1a03-brookes.htm 10. Carpenter, J, A Felsot, T Goode, M Hammig, D Onstad and S Sankula. (2002). Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn and cotton crops. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 11. Government of Canada. (1994). Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits. Dir. 9408, Dec. 16, 1994. Plant Products Division, Plant Industry Directorate, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. 12. Sear, M, RL Helmich, DE Stanley-Horn, KS Obenhauser, JM Pleasants, HR Matilla, BD Siegfried and GP Dively. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly. PNAS 98(21):11937-11942 13. National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Food Miles: How far your food travels has serious consequences to your health and the environment. http://food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf 14. CUESA. (2014). How far does your food travel to get to your plate? http://www.cuesa.org/learn/how-far-does-your-food-travel-get- your-plate 15. Iowa State University.(2008). Global warming – agriculture’s impact on greenhohttp://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/others/TakApr08.htmluse gas emissions. 16. Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., and Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience(55)7: 573-582. http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/7/573.full

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