File:Crystal Serenity cruises 2016.png

Climate Change Opening New Northern Sea Routes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route (Russia)

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage (Canada)

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route

(Shipping across the center of the Arctic Ocean... predicted to emerge as the predominant Arctic shipping route by 2030)

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Transpolar_shipping_routes.svg/553px-Transpolar_shipping_routes.svg.png

2011

- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/06/us-russia-political-tensions-arctic

- https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/05/melting-arctic-ice-supertankers

- https://ria.ru/arctic_mm/20111130/502972180.html

- http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/Arctic_shipping_routes_open

2012

- http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2013/01/12/northern-sea-route-headquarters-to-open-in-moscow/

- http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=608695-5&02

2013

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-arctic-shipping-idUSBRE92718420130308

- http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/04/17182162-global-warming-to-open-crazy-shipping-routes-across-arctic?lite

2014

- http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/03/27/arctic-shipping-lanes-open-for-four-months-by-2050-ipcc/

- http://www.eiu.com/industry/article/591780243/the-northern-sea-route-rivalling-suez/2014-05-02

2015

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sanctions-russia-arctic-shipping-idUSKBN0KV17520150122

2016

"Crystal Serenity"

The First Cruise Ship Crossing the Ice-Free Arctic Passage

- https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Crystal_Serenity_cruises_2016.png

- https://www.wired.com/2016/03/climate-change-opens-first-luxury-arctic-cruise-route/]]

- http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/15687-serenity-departs-for-northwest-passage-trip.html

- http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/crystal-serenity-cruise-ulukhaktok-1.3736984 Ulukhaktok

- http://www.ktva.com/shows/frontiers/episode-74-crystal-serenitys-historic-voyage-951/ Arrival in New York City ... September 16, 2016

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-environment-shipping-arctic-idUSKCN12A14B

"A Surge in Arctic tourism is bringing ever bigger cruise ships to the formerly isolated, ice-bound region, prompting calls for a clamp-down to prevent Titanic-style accidents and pollution of fragile eco-systems. Arctic nations should consider limiting the size of vessels and ban the use of heavy fuel oil in the region, industry players said, after a first luxury cruise ship sailed safely through Canada's Northwest Passage this summer."

Shiping industry Report:

- http://container-news.com/arctic-ocean-shipping-routes-open-months/

Sea-ice is in a committed, long-term decline as the polar north warms. This year (2016) looks on course to be the second lowest in the satellite record. Researchers do not see this trend being reversed anytime soon.

“If we experience a 2-degree increase in global temperatures, we will get close to an Arctic that is effectively ice-free for part of the year; that’s less than a million sq km of ice cover,” said Reading University's Dr. Ed Hawkins.

“So, even if future emissions are consistent with the Paris agreement, it will of course mean shipping routes will be more open. Not every year, but more regularly than they are now.”

“Open water vessels won’t be hugging the Russian coast quite so much, and ice-strengthened ships will be going right over the pole,” he told BBC News.

The incentives are clear: if vessels can transit the Arctic, they will shave many days off their journey times between the Pacific and North Atlantic ports, and save fuel.

In addition, by plotting a more central course (e.g., the Transpolar Sea Route), they can avoid the fees they would otherwise be charged for going through Siberian waters.

The Reading team has been looking at how the opportunities might evolve in the decades ahead. The group used five prominent climate computer models and essentially trained them to better reflect the distribution of Arctic sea-ice as seen in current observations. They then ran those models forward through the century under different emissions scenarios, to gauge where and how frequently shipping routes would become navigable...

Earth Institute - Columbia Climate Center

https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/A_5_centigrade_Arctic_published_2016_Earth_Institute-Columbia_Climate_Center.pdf